Networking solutions for connecting bluetooth low energy devices - a comparison

Abstract

The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an attractive solution for implementing low-cost, low power consumption, short-range wireless transmission technology and high flexibility wireless products, which working on standard coin-cell batteries for years. The original design of BLE is restricted to star topology networking, which limits network coverage and scalability. In contrast, other competing technologies like Wi-Fi and ZigBee overcome those constraints by supporting different topologies such as the tree and mesh network topologies. This paper presents a part of the researchers’ efforts in designing solutions to enable BLE mesh networks and implements a tree network topology which is not supported in the standard BLE specifications. In addition, it discusses the advantages and drawbacks of the existing BLE network solutions. During analyzing the existing solutions, we highlight currently open issues such as flooding-based and routing-based solutions to allow end-to-end data transmission in a BLE mesh network and connecting BLE devices to the internet to support the Internet of Things (IoT). The approach proposed in this paper combines the default BLE star topology with the flooding based mesh topology to create a new hybrid network topology. The proposed approach can extend the network coverage without using any routing protocol.

A BLE-based communication network architecture for smart mobile devices to prevent rapid battery drain

“…The link layer, located at the center of the BLE stack and just above the physical layer, plays a crucial role in managing radio communication processes. This interface serves as the central point where specialized software and hardware components interact cooperatively and communicate directly with the underlying physical layer [29]. About half of the Link Layer software manages the radio connection, which shows how the device is connected to other devices.…”

Building Appliances Energy Performance Assessment

“…BLE was created for applications compatible with low-range wireless communication, low-data rate, and energy-constrained applications. It is designed to be low cost and with simplified complexity of radio transceivers [70].…”

“…L2CAP layer "Logical Link Control and Adaption Layer Protocol" works as an interface between the Host and Controller. It provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to the upper layer protocols using segmentation, multiplexing, and reassembly capabilities [70]. Latest BLE can support star, tree, and mesh topologies.…”

“…Latest BLE can support star, tree, and mesh topologies. Some researchers exploited mesh topology to integrate applications such as: intelligent lighting, beacons for motion detection, smart office and home automation, remote controls, health monitoring, intelligent door locks, smart home appliances, intelligent wearable devices [70].…”

Bee colony remote monitoring based on IoT using ESP-NOW protocol

“…Monitoring, measuring and controlling systems are rapidly evolving in today’s world in almost all aspects of human life. Embedded systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), remote environmental monitoring, and smart home automation are just a few of the applications that have been motivated by the creation of wireless sensor networks (WSN) ( Labib et al, 2019 ). The IoT has lots of potential and offers a wide range of options to be applied in many research areas ( Nguyen, Nguyen & Ha, 2020 ).…”