Neue Wege zur analytischen Charakterisierung von Reinststoffen

Tölg, G.

doi:10.1007/bf00694656

Cited by 41 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…Extreme examples of the high-purity materials analysis are precipitation exchange on thin layers or electrolytical separation methods which can, in many modifications, be transferred to other trace-analytical problems (Ref. 4). Excitation methods, too, can essentially be optimized, if their techniques are approximated to the "single-vessel principle",i.e.if the ectraction is carried out directly in the decomposition flask, e.g., in a PTFE tube which is used to separate the phases.…”

Section: Separation and Preconcentration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of sample decomposition and preconcentration in elemental trace analysis

Tölg¹

1983

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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-Progress in elemental trace analysis means that lower concentrations can be determined in a more reliable and efficient way. The demands posed to trace element analysis follow generally the tendency that lower and lower concentrations should be determined in matrices which become more and more complex. The most economical scientific strategy depends strongly on the element to be determined, on the kind of sample and especially, on the power of detection. Therefore, we must develop the strategy of determination in view of two widely differing thoughts: 1. It is necessary to apply direct instrumental methods for routine analysis in order to save time and man-power. This can be done only, if the required power of detection is asserted in view of a suff icient reliability of the results. 2. Multi-stage combined procedures have to be preferred in all cases, where direct instrumental methods still yield insufficient or incorrect results, in spite of the fact that they are usually more time and/or labour consuming.This paper intends to concentrate in particular on these procedures, in which decomposition and preconcentration methods have to precede the actual end-determination. The main goal is the minimization of systematic errors which become more crucial at the low concentrations involved. Especially those combined methods of a high degree of universality and reliability will be considered.Examples will be given for the determination of Hg, Se, Tl and B at ng/g and pg/g levels.

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Section: Separation and Preconcentration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of sample decomposition and preconcentration in elemental trace analysis

Tölg¹

1983

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Barium

Boffito¹

2011

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Barium belongs to Group 2(IIA) of the Perioidic Table. In its natural form, barium never occurs as the metal because of its reactivity, but is almost always found as the ore barite. China and India account for 70% of the world's barite supplies. Barium metal is produced by the reduction of barium oxide with a less nonvolatile element, usually aluminum. Barium's economic information is based on barite. Barite is used in the oil and gas drilling industries where it is used to make drilling mud. Barium metal reacts with water and acids. Contact with skin causes irritation and possible corrosive damage. Barium occurs in seawater . The terrestrial abundance of barium is ∼ 250 g/t. The major use of barium is the production of barium‐aluminum alloy‐evaporation getters (gas absorbers) in CRTs for television sets and computer monitors. It is also used to improve performance of lead alloys grids of acid batteries and in barium‐nickel alloys for spark plug electrodes and in vacuum tubes.

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Barium and Barium Compounds

Kresse¹,

Baudis²,

Jäger³

et al. 2000

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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(Hicks et al. 1986). In contrast to these finding, no adverse histological alterations were observed in the lungs of rats exposed to 44.1 mg barium/m 3 as barium sulfate for 119 days (Cullen et al. 2000).Cardiovascular Effects. Three of 12 workers chronically exposed to barium carbonate dust had elevated blood pressure and 2 workers had ECG abnormalities (Essing et al. 1976). However, it is unknown whether this represented an increased incidence because no comparison with a control population was performed. Increased blood pressure and cardiac irregularities were reportedly observed in guinea pigs exposed by inhalation for an unspecified period of time to 0.06 mg barium/m 3 /minute as aerosolized barium chloride solution (Hicks et al. 1986). Tarasenko et al. (1977) reported a 32% increase in arterial pressure and alterations in ECG readings suggestive of disturbances in heart conductivity following proserine administration in rats exposed to 3.6 mg barium/m 3 as barium carbonate; no ECG alterations were observed prior to proserine administration.Gastrointestinal Effects. Abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting were experienced by a 22-year old factory worker accidentally exposed by acute inhalation to a large but unspecified amount of barium carbonate powder (Shankle and Keane 1988). No animal studies were located regarding gastrointestinal effects in animals after inhalation exposure to barium.Hematological Effects. Altered hematological parameters were observed in rats following inhalation for an intermediate exposure period to 3.6 mg barium/m 3 as barium carbonate dust (Tarasenko et al. 1977). Reported changes included decreased blood hemoglobin and thrombocyte count. Musculoskeletal Effects.After accidental exposure to a large amount of barium carbonate powder by acute inhalation, a 22-year-old factory worker developed progressive muscle weakness and paralysis of the extremities and neck (Shankle and Keane 1988); this is likely due to the low serum potassium level rather than a direct effect on muscle tissue. X-ray analysis of the bones and skeletal muscles of the pelvis and thighs of workers chronically exposed to barium carbonate dust revealed no apparent build up of insoluble barium in these tissues (Essing et al. 1976). No studies were located regarding musculoskeletal effects in animals after inhalation exposure to barium. Hepatic Effects.No studies were located regarding hepatic effects in humans after inhalation exposure to barium. Impaired detoxifying function of the liver was noted in rats exposed to 3.6 mg barium/m 3 as barium carbonate dust (Tarasenko et al. 1977). No other details were reported. BARIUM AND BARIUM COMPOUNDS 3. HEALTH EFFECTSRenal Effects. Renal failure occurred in a 22-year-old worker accidentally exposed by acute inhalation to barium carbonate powder (Shankle and Keane 1988). No studies were located regarding renal effects in animals after inhalation exposure to barium. Body Weight Effects.A 21% decrease in body weight gain was observed in rats exposed to 3.6 mg barium/m 3 as ...

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Neue Wege zur analytischen Charakterisierung von Reinststoffen

Cited by 41 publications

References 18 publications

Role of sample decomposition and preconcentration in elemental trace analysis

Role of sample decomposition and preconcentration in elemental trace analysis

Barium

Barium and Barium Compounds

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