Neural Control of Stereotypic Limb Movements

Rossignol, Serge

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp120105

Cited by 216 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 334 publications

(472 reference statements)

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“…On the basis of findings of our studies (Takakusaki et al, 2004b(Takakusaki et al, , 2006 as well as those of previous works (Grillner 1981, Mori 1987, Rossignol 1996, current perception of the neuronal pathways involved in locomotor control is illustrated in Fig.1A. Motor behaviors require the recruitment of the activities of the entire nervous system (Fig.1A) and musculoskeletal systems (Fig.1B).…”

Section: Fundamental Mechanisms Of Gait Controlsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…As show in Fig.2D, cholinergic neurons were abundantly distributed in the area corresponding to the inhibitory region, indicating that an activation of cholinergic neurons requires muscle tone suppression (Takakusaki et al, 2003a). Our current perception of neuronal mechanisms of controlling postural muscle tone and locomotion is shown in Fig.3A on the basis of previous studies (Grillner 1981;Mori 1987;Rossignol 1996;Takakusaki et al, 2004bTakakusaki et al, , 2006. Three locomotor regions are identified.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 63%

“…In cats with chronically implanted electrodes, stimulation of the SLR elicited alerting responses followed by exploratory (searching) or defensive behaviors ( Fig.3Cc; Mori et al, 1989). Signals from the SLR are mediated by dense fibers in the medial forebrain bundle projecting to the midbrain (Rossignol, 1996). On the other hand, stimulation of the MLR abruptly elicited machine-like explosive locomotion (Fig.3Cd).…”

Section: Emotional Locomotor Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cortical projections to the MLR have not yet been identified. It is possibly mediated by connections via the SLR (Rossignol, 1996). If decerebration was made at precollicular-premammillary level (y in Fig.2A), the cat spontaneously walked without stimulation.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various combinations of spinal reflexes operate during locomotion. Those mediating flexion reflex and crossed extension reflex undertake major roles in the generation of locomotor rhythm (Rossignol 1996;Rossignol et al, 2006;Takakusaki et al, 2001Takakusaki et al, , 2003bMcCrea & Rybak, 2008). Spinal interneurons that constitute CPG generate detailed locomotor rhythm.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Possible Contribution of the Basal Ganglia Brainstem System to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

Takakusaki¹,

Obara²,

Okumura³

2011

Etiology and Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease

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Section: Fundamental Mechanisms Of Gait Controlsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Emotional Locomotor Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Integrating Posture and Locomotion By Subcortimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Possible Contribution of the Basal Ganglia Brainstem System to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

Takakusaki¹,

Obara²,

Okumura³

2011

Etiology and Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease

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Neurophysiology of gait: From the spinal cord to the frontal lobe

2013

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Locomotion is a purposeful, goal-directed behavior initiated by signals arising from either volitional processing in the cerebral cortex or emotional processing in the limbic system. Regardless of whether the locomotion initiation is volitional or emotional, locomotion is accompanied by automatic controlled movement processes, such as the adjustment of postural muscle tone and rhythmic limb movements. Sensori-motor integration in the brainstem and the spinal cord plays crucial roles in this process. The basic locomotor motor pattern is generated by spinal interneuronal networks, termed central pattern generators (CPGs). Responding to signals in proprioceptive and skin afferents, the spinal interneuronal networks modify the locomotor pattern in cooperation with descending signals from the brainstem structures and the cerebral cortex. Information processing between the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and the brainstem may enable automatic regulation of muscle tone and rhythmic limb movements in the absence of conscious awareness. However, when a locomoting subject encounters obstacles, the subject has to intentionally adjust bodily alignment to guide limb movements. Such an intentional gait modification requires motor programming in the premotor cortices. The motor programs utilize one's bodily information, such as the body schema, which is preserved and updated in the temporoparietal cortex. The motor programs are transmitted to the brainstem by the corticoreticulospinal system, so that one's posture is anticipatorily controlled. These processes enable the corticospinal system to generate limb trajectory and achieve accurate foot placement. Loops from the motor cortical areas to the basal ganglia and the cerebellum can serve this purpose.

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Descending influences on escape behavior and motor pattern in the cockroach

Schaefer

Ritzmann

2001

J. Neurobiol.

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The escape behavior of the cockroach is a ballistic behavior with well characterized kinematics. The circuitry known to control the behavior lies in the thoracic ganglia, abdominal ganglia, and abdominal nerve cord. Some evidence suggests inputs may occur from the brain or suboesophageal ganglion. We tested this notion by decapitating cockroaches, removing all descending inputs, and evoking escape responses. The decapitated cockroaches exhibited directionally appropriate escape turns. However, there was a front-to-back gradient of change: the front legs moved little if at all, the middle legs moved in the proper direction but with reduced excursion, and the rear legs moved normally. The same pattern was seen when only inputs from the brain were removed, the suboesophageal ganglion remaining intact and connected to the thoracic ganglia. Electromyogram (EMG) analysis showed that the loss of or reduction in excursion was accompanied by a loss of or reduction in fast motor neuron activity. The loss of fast motor neuron activity was also observed in a reduced preparation in which descending neural signals were reversibly blocked via an isotonic sucrose solution superfusing the neck connectives, indicating that the changes seen were not due to trauma. Our data demonstrate that while the thoracic circuitry is sufficient to produce directional escape, lesion or blockage of the connective affects the excitability of components of the escape circuitry. Because of the rapidity of the escape response, such effects are likely due to the elimination of tonic descending inputs.

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Neural Control of Stereotypic Limb Movements

Abstract: The sections in this article are: Kinematics and Muscle Activity Hindlimb Locomotor Movements Forelimb Locomotor Movements Walking at Different Speeds, Slopes, and Directions Interlimb Coordination Other Stereotypic Movements Stereotypic Movements in Spinal … Show more

Cited by 216 publications

References 334 publications

Possible Contribution of the Basal Ganglia Brainstem System to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

Possible Contribution of the Basal Ganglia Brainstem System to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

Neurophysiology of gait: From the spinal cord to the frontal lobe

Descending influences on escape behavior and motor pattern in the cockroach

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