Neural-natriuretic hormone interactions

Effect of Right Ventricular Apex Pacing on the Tei Index and Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Patients with a Dual‐Chamber Pacemaker

“…Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which is released primarily in response to increased atrial and ventricular stress, is a marker of the severity of heart failure 6 . Furthermore, plasma BNP levels reflect hemodynamic changes elicited by different pacing modes, and BNP levels are significantly higher during asynchronous ventricular (nonphysiological) pacing (VVI) than during atrioventricular (AV) sequential (physiological) pacing (DDD) 7–10 …”