Neural Signatures of Interface Errors in Remote Agent Manipulation

Single-Trial Classification of Error-Related Potentials in People with Motor Disabilities: A Study in Cerebral Palsy, Stroke, and Amputees

“…The findings agree with several other studies that have reported the midline electrodes (especially FCz and Cz) to contain the highest error-related activity [24,[28][29][30][31]34,35,39,40], but also Parietal areas [24,[26][27][28][31][32][33]35] and the Occipital cortex have been associated with error-related activity [27,28,33,35]. It has been reported that the ErrP has the highest amplitudes around the midline channels but is still visible in the channels in the periphery furthest away from the midline, with a smaller amplitude though [27,[33][34][35]. This may explain why all brain regions individually provide enough discriminative information to provide classification accuracies that are significantly higher than chance level; however, it has also been reported that the channels in the periphery lead to classification accuracies around chance level [29].…”

“…The findings agree with several other studies that have reported the midline electrodes (especially FCz and Cz) to contain the highest error-related activity [24,[28][29][30][31]34,35,39,40], but also Parietal areas [24,[26][27][28][31][32][33]35] and the Occipital cortex have been associated with error-related activity [27,28,33,35]. It has been reported that the ErrP has the highest amplitudes around the midline channels but is still visible in the channels in the periphery furthest away from the midline, with a smaller amplitude though [27,[33][34][35].…”

“…It should also be noted that there is a different number of electrodes in the different brain regions in this study, which in itself could affect the classification accuracies although their spatial distribution probably matters most. It has been reported that the classification accuracies increase with a higher number of electrodes used for classification of ErrPs and motor imagery [29,33,41].…”

“…ErrPs have generally been detected using temporal waveform features of a bandpass filtered epoch (~0-1 s after the feedback of the outcome) from electrodes on the scalp in the proximity of the anterior cingulate cortex amongst other neural generators (roughly around FCz according to the 10-20 EEG system) [9,10]. ErrPs can be detected from a single or few electrodes around FCz [24,25], but studies have reported that additional discriminative information can be obtained from using more electrodes covering other parts of the brain [24,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The aim of this study was twofold; first it was investigated whether ErrPs could be detected in individuals with motor disabilities after cerebral palsy, an amputation, or stroke in offline analysis, and secondly, how much discriminative information different brain regions bring to the detection of ErrPs.…”

Measuring Task-Related Brain Activity With Event-Related Potentials in Dynamic Task Scenario With Immersive Virtual Reality Environment

“…However, most of previous ERP studies have used VR in simple, static stimulus-response style cognitive tasks, rather than in complex, dynamic situations (Zhang et al, 2015;Pezzetta et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2018;Gehrke et al, 2019). Even in the few previous studies that used VR as a dynamic environment, ERPs were elicited using probe stimuli (Burns and Fairclough, 2015;Chung and Park, 2018;Callan et al, 2018), and few previous studies of ERP elicitation by using task-related events were found (Yazmir and Reiner, 2021).…”