Neuroendocrine neoplasm imaging: protocols by site of origin

Martin, Sooyoung; Iravani, Amir; Shetty, Anup S.; Zulfiqar, Maria; Morani, Ajaykumar C.; Yano, Motoyo; Bhosale, Priya; Itani, Malak

doi:10.1007/s00261-022-03713-z

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…To exclude a different primary site than the orbit, a CT scan of the abdomen and thorax is suggested. Given that the majority of orbital localizations originate from primary intestinal NENs [13,70], the use of CT enterography (CTE) or MR enterography (MRE) can be useful to detect small bowel lesions, especially if the signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome are noted [85,86]. El-Toukhy described a case of orbital carcinoid with several local recurrences that was diagnosed six years before the detection of ileal NEN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Primary Orbital Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Systematic Literature Review and Clinical Case Presentation

Arrivi,

Specchia,

Pilozzi

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Background: The ocular involvement of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is uncommon and mainly represented by metastases from gastrointestinal and lung neuroendocrine tumors. Primary orbital NENs are even less common and their diagnostic and therapeutic management is a challenge. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted from 1966 to September 2023 on PubMed to identify articles on orbital NENs and to summarize their clinical–pathological features, diagnosis and therapeutic management. Furthermore, we presented a case of a locally advanced retro-orbital primary neuroendocrine tumor that was referred to the certified Center of Excellence of Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. Results: The final analysis included 63 records on orbital NENs and 11 records focused on primary orbital NENs. The localization was mostly unilateral and in the right orbit; proptosis or exophthalmos represented the initial symptoms. The diagnostic work-up and therapeutic management was discussed and a diagnostic algorithm for the suspicion of primary orbital NENs was proposed. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach is required for the management of primary orbital NENs, emphasizing the importance of early referral to dedicated centers for prompt differential diagnosis, tailored treatment, and an improved quality of life and survival.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Primary Orbital Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Systematic Literature Review and Clinical Case Presentation

Arrivi,

Specchia,

Pilozzi

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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“…The morphological spectrum of ileal GEP-NENs ranges from intraluminal or submucosal nodular lesions to stenosing bowel wall thickening with infiltration of surrounding mesenteric fatty tissue. Typically, this tumor entity shows severe hypervascularization in the arterial contrast phase [47]. CT enteroclysis achieves a sensitivity of 84.7% and a specificity of 96.9% for tumors up to 3 cm [48].…”

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors—Current Status and Advances in Diagnostic Imaging

Vogele,

Schmidt,

Gnutzmann

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia (GEP-NEN) is a heterogeneous and complex group of tumors that are often difficult to classify due to their heterogeneity and varying locations. As standard radiological methods, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) are available for both localization and staging of NEN. Nuclear medical imaging methods with somatostatin analogs are of great importance since radioactively labeled receptor ligands make tumors visible with high sensitivity. CT and MRI have high detection rates for GEP-NEN and have been further improved by developments such as diffusion-weighted imaging. However, nuclear medical imaging methods are superior in detection, especially in gastrointestinal NEN. It is important for radiologists to be familiar with NEN, as it can occur ubiquitously in the abdomen and should be identified as such. Since GEP-NEN is predominantly hypervascularized, a biphasic examination technique is mandatory for contrast-enhanced cross-sectional imaging. PET/CT with somatostatin analogs should be used as the subsequent method.

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“…25,26 The most common sites of distant metastases include the liver (85%), peritoneum (18%), bone (8%), other intra-abdominal areas (6%), and lungs (4%). 27 Although SB-NEN produces various peptides, such as serotonin, histamine, and neurokinin A, these peptides are usually inactivated by the liver, and patients do not have symptoms of CS. The peptides bypass the portal circulation if hepatic metastases lead to CS features.…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To improve imaging outcomes, CTE can be combined with either CT angiography or SSTR PET/CT. 27 FIGURE 9. A 70-year-old woman presented with signs of small bowel obstruction and was diagnosed with poorly differentiated high-grade NET (grade 3 with Ki-67 of 25%, mitotic count of 29).…”

Section: Computed Tomographic Enterographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms—A Review

Vulasala,

Virarkar,

Gopireddy

et al. 2023

J Comput Assist Tomogr

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rapidly evolving small bowel tumors, and the patients are asymptomatic at the initial stages. Metastases are commonly observed at the time of presentation and diagnosis. This review addresses the small bowel NEN (SB-NEN) and its molecular, histological, and imaging features, which aid diagnosis and therapy guidance. Somatic cell number alterations and epigenetic mutations are studied to be responsible for sporadic and familial SB-NEN. The review also describes the grading of SB-NEN in addition to rare histological findings such as mixed neuroendocrine-non-NENs. Anatomic and nuclear imaging with conventional computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic enterography, and positron emission tomography are adopted in clinical practice for diagnosing, staging, and follow-up of NEN. Along with the characteristic imaging features of SB-NEN, the therapeutic aspects of imaging, such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, are discussed in this review.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasm imaging: protocols by site of origin

Cited by 8 publications

References 69 publications

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Primary Orbital Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Systematic Literature Review and Clinical Case Presentation

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Primary Orbital Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Systematic Literature Review and Clinical Case Presentation

Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors—Current Status and Advances in Diagnostic Imaging

Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms—A Review

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