Neuroinflammation alleviation

Abstract

Aging is a significant risk factor for several neurodegenerative diseases (1,2). It is estimated that neurological disorders lead to more than 6.8 million deaths annually (3). However, the therapeutic options effective for age-related neurodegenerative diseases are limited (4). In addition, the current treatments for these diseases are associated with high economic burdens on society and affected patients. The average annual cost of treatment for neurological disorders in Europe varies from 285 euros for headaches and 30 000 euros for neuromuscular disorders. Further, neurodegenerative diseases are highly prevalent and typically have an irreversible progression (5).According to evidence, these diseases are associated with the pathological aggregations of different proteins. Generally, proteins play an essential role in cellular structure and function, while their activities result from their amino acid sequence and spatial configuration. The proper action of proteins is vital for the optimum function of body systems (6).Each neurodegenerative disease is characterized by the accumulation of a specific protein, and protein aggregates represent the characteristic pathological lesions of these diseases. Furthermore, it has been shown that the proteins aggregated in these diseases have structural abnormalities such as α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and TAR DNAbinding protein 43, the most common protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (7). For instance, the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is hypothesized to be the amyloid and tau overproduction and amyloid cascade. Based on this hypothesis, Aβ accumulation is the initial cause that triggers an overflow of effects, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration (8).On the other hand, bringing preclinical therapies to clinical practice is a significant challenge in neuroscience. Up to now, no clinically successful medication has been approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders due to the lack of reliable drug targets.Neuroinflammation is generally caused by various pathological conditions such as infection, trauma,