Neuron class–specific responses govern adaptive myelin remodeling in the neocortex

Abstract

Cellular effects of visual deprivation Myelination speeds the progress of action potentials along neuronal axons. Yang et al. studied changes in myelination in the mouse visual cortex in response to visual experience (see the Perspective by Yalçin and Monje). With normal vision, myelination is continuously remodeled. As ocular dominance shifts in response to monocular deprivation, myelination patterns change on certain inhibitory interneurons but not on excitatory callosal projection neurons. Myelin sheaths are both added and subtracted, segments of myelin elongate and contract, and preexisting oligodendrocytes make new myelin sheaths. This adaptive myelination helps to diversify neuronal function and remodel neuronal circuits in response to sensory experience. Science , this issue p. eabd2109 ; see also p. 1414

Child abuse associates with increased recruitment of perineuronal nets in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex: a possible implication of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells

“…The interplay between oligodendrocyte-lineage cells and PV+ neurons, in particular during developmental windows of plasticity, are being increasingly documented 59 . Interestingly, OPCs have been shown to be ontogenetically related to PV+ neurons 60 .…”

The Association between Body Mass Index and Intra-Cortical Myelin: Findings from the Human Connectome Project

“…One previous study found even very subtle defects in myelination have a persistent impact on cortical network functions [17]. In addition, intra-cortical myelin is a sensitive indicator to track the development of neuronal activity throughout the lifespan, thus actively engaged in brain remodeling and plasticity [13,15,18]. Together, these findings suggest that intra-cortical myelination is essential for fine-tuning cortical functional circuits.…”

“…Myelinated axons, also located in cerebral cortex gray matter, are called intra-cortical myelin. Intra-cortical myelin is of great importance for the integrity of neural connections and neural synchrony of the cerebral cortex [12][13][14][15]. In humans, direct evidence suggests intra-cortical myelin is involved in cognitive functioning through its relationship with neural activity, potentially by the facilitation of local neural synchrony [16].…”

“…This database includes objective behavioral indexes and neuroimaging data with high-resolution and image quality, hence providing a unique opportunity to explore the important yet unresolved question about how obesity is related to intra-cortical myelin content. Considering the close relationship between intra-cortical myelin and neural activity [12][13][14][15], we expected obesity-related intra-cortical myelin alterations would provide a novel micro-structural basis for interpreting previously-documented neural activity abnormalities related to obesity. Based on the evidence reviewed above, we hypothesized that associations between obesity and intra-cortical myelin would be localized to brain regions that have been consistently engaged in reward processing (e.g., medial OFC), attention (e.g., visual cortex, middle temporal gyrus), and saliency detection (e.g., insula, supramarginal gyrus, and precuneus).…”

Myelination induces axonal hotspots of synaptic vesicle fusion that promote sheath growth

“…Recent studies suggested that the effects of neuronal activity on myelination are mediated by the release of synaptic vesicles, 17 , 18 including in a neuron-subtype-specific manner. 19 , 20 For example, in zebrafish, blocking vesicular fusion from specific neurons reduced myelin sheath number and length along their axons. 18 , 20 Furthermore, live-imaging studies revealed that synaptic vesicles can accumulate along axons during myelination, 18 , 21 , 22 leading to the model that vesicular cargo directly drives myelin sheath formation and/or growth.…”