Neuroprotective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Ginsenoside-Rd for Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage in Experimental Animal: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Abstract

Ischemic stroke, the most common type of stroke, can lead to a long-term disability with the limitation of effective therapeutic approaches. Ginsenoside-Rd (G-Rd) has been found as a neuroprotective agent. In order to investigate and discuss the neuroprotective function and underlying mechanism of G-Rd in experimental animal models following cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury, PubMed, Embase, SinoMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from their inception dates to May 2022, with no language restriction. Studies that G-Rd was used to treat cerebral I/R damage in vivo were selected. A total of 18 articles were included in this paper, and it was showed that after cerebral I/R damage, G-Rd administration could significantly attenuate infarct volume (19 studies, SMD = − 1.75 − 2.21 to − 1.30 , P < 0.00001 ). Subgroup analysis concluded that G-Rd at the moderate doses of >10- <50 mg/kg reduced the infarct volume to the greatest extent, and increasing the dose beyond 50 mg/kg did not produce better results. The neuroprotective effect of G-Rd was not affected by other factors, such as the animal species, the order of administration, and the ischemia time. In comparison with the control group, G-Rd administration could improve neurological recovery (lower score means better recovery: 14 studies, SMD = − 1.50 − 2.00 to − 1.00 , P < 0.00001 ; higher score means better recovery: 8 studies, SMD = 1.57 0.93 to 2.21 , P < 0.00001 ). In addition, this review suggested that G-Rd in vivo can antagonize the reduced oxidative stress, regulate Ca2+, and inhibit inflammatory, resistance to apoptosis, and antipyroptosis on cerebral I/R damage. Collectively, G-Rd is a promising natural neuroprotective agent on cerebral I/R injury with unique advantages and a clear mechanism of action. More clinical randomized, blind-controlled trials are also needed to confirm the neuroprotective effect of G-Rd on cerebral I/R injury.

Neuroprotective effect and possible mechanism of edaravone in rat models of spinal cord injury: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and records of study information, collecting data parameters including: the name of the rst author, publication year, study population (strain, number, sex, age and weight), model characteristics (method of model, injury level), intervention details (dosage, administration route, timing and times) and measurements. Moreover, the proposed mechanisms and changes of related molecules will be also extracted from included studies for investigating the neuroprotective mechanism behind edaravone [26,31]. In studies involving multiple intervention groups, only data from edaravone and negative control groups will be extracted for analyses.…”

Neuroprotective effect and possible mechanism of edaravone in rat models of spinal cord injury: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The following data will be extracted: name of the first author, publication year, study population (strain, number, sex, age, and weight), model characteristics (method of model, injury level), intervention details (dosage, administration route, timing, and times), and measurements. Moreover, the proposed mechanisms and changes of related molecules will be also extracted from included studies for investigating the neuroprotective mechanism behind edaravone [ 26 , 31 ]. In studies involving multiple intervention groups, only data from edaravone and negative control groups will be extracted for analyses.…”

Correlations among Soil Properties, Growth Characteristics, and Ginsenoside Contents in Wild-Simulated Ginseng with Different Ages

“…Furthermore, the content of Rd-p in above ground part (15,664.18 mg/kg) was about 10-fold higher than that in root part (1582.31 mg/kg). The beneficial effects of Rd-p were antitumor [30], cardiac hypertrophy [31] and neuroprotective effect [32,33]. When manufacturing pharmacological products or health functional foods using WSG, it is thought that the products using the above-ground parts together may show higher efficiency in terms of economy and efficacy.…”