Neurulation: coming to closure

Smith, Jodi L.; Schoenwolf, Gary C.

doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01121-1

Cited by 208 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…hn, Hensen's node; n, notochord (seen through the neural plate); nf, neural fold; ng, neural groove; np, neural plate; nt/b, future brain level of the neural tube; nt/sc, future spinal cord level of the neural tube; ps, primitive streak. Modified from Smith and Schoenwolf (1997).…”

Section: Formation Of the Neural Platementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two tissues were chosen owing to their importance in neurulation, and they are as similar as possible, yet they still display critical differences in relation to neurulation (e.g., differing in whether they exhibit behaviors that generate either intrinsic or extrinsic neurulation forces). Each tissue explant consisted of all three layers of the neurula (i.e., the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), because experimental evidence supports a role for all three layers in providing extrinsic neurulation forces (reviewed by Smith and Schoenwolf, 1997). However, the epidermal ectoderm is the only tissue required to generate extrinsic forces (Hackett et al, 1997), suggesting that the mesodermal and endodermal tissues facilitate bending by assisting the epidermal ectoderm.…”

Section: Subtractive Hybridization: a Strategy To Divide And Conquer mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a cellular and molecular understanding of neurulation

Colas

Schoenwolf

2001

Developmental Dynamics

400

376

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Neurulation occurs during the early embryogenesis of chordates, and it results in the formation of the neural tube, a dorsal hollow nerve cord that constitutes the rudiment of the entire adult central nervous system. The goal of studies on neurulation is to understand its tissue, cellular and molecular basis, as well as how neurulation is perturbed during the formation of neural tube defects. The tissue basis of neurulation consists of a series of coordinated morphogenetic movements within the primitive streak (e.g., regression of Hensen's node) and nascent primary germ layers formed during gastrulation. Signaling occurs between Hensen's node and the nascent ectoderm, initiating neurulation by inducing the neural plate (i.e., actually, by suppressing development of the epidermal ectoderm). Tissue movements subsequently result in shaping and bending of the neural plate and closure of the neural groove. The cellular basis of the tissue movements of neurulation consists of changes in the behavior of the constituent cells; namely, changes in cell number, position, shape, size and adhesion. Neurulation, like any morphogenetic event, occurs within the milieu of generic biophysical determinants of form present in all living tissues. Such forces govern and to some degree control morphogenesis in a tissue-autonomous manner. The molecular basis of neurulation remains largely unknown, but we suggest that neurulation genes have evolved to work in concert with such determinants, so that appropriate changes occur in the behaviors of the correct populations of cells at the correct time, maximizing the efficiency of neurulation and leading to heritable speciesand axial-differences in this process. In this article, we review the tissue and cellular basis of neurulation and provide strategies to determine its molecular basis. We expect that such strategies will lead to the identification in the near future of critical neurulation genes, genes that when mutated perturb neurulation in a highly specific and predictable fashion and cause neurulation defects, thereby contributing to the formation of neural tube defects.

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Section: Formation Of the Neural Platementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subtractive Hybridization: a Strategy To Divide And Conquer mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a cellular and molecular understanding of neurulation

Colas

Schoenwolf

2001

Developmental Dynamics

400

376

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“…The neural plate-the thickened ectoderm-bends and fuses to form the neural tube through a series of precisely orchestrated morphogenetic movements (see Figure 1A; Smith and Schoenwolf, 1997). Rearrangement of neural plate cells drives mediolateral narrowing and rostrocaudal elongation of the neural plate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apical Accumulation of Rho in the Neural Plate Is Important for Neural Plate Cell Shape Change and Neural Tube Formation

Kinoshita

Sasai

Misaki

et al. 2008

MBoC

103

118

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Although Rho-GTPases are well-known regulators of cytoskeletal reorganization, their in vivo distribution and physiological functions have remained elusive. In this study, we found marked apical accumulation of Rho in developing chick embryos undergoing folding of the neural plate during neural tube formation, with similar accumulation of activated myosin II. The timing of accumulation and biochemical activation of both Rho and myosin II was coincident with the dynamics of neural tube formation. Inhibition of Rho disrupted its apical accumulation and led to defects in neural tube formation, with abnormal morphology of the neural plate. Continuous activation of Rho also altered neural tube formation. These results indicate that correct spatiotemporal regulation of Rho is essential for neural tube morphogenesis. Furthermore, we found that a key morphogenetic signaling pathway, the Wnt/PCP pathway, was implicated in the apical accumulation of Rho and regulation of cell shape in the neural plate, suggesting that this signal may be the spatiotemporal regulator of Rho in neural tube formation.

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“…Bending is accomplished by furrowing (the formation of hinge points; a single median hinge point above the prechordal plate and notochord; and paired dorsolateral hinge points present principally at future brain levels) and folding (the rotation of the neural plate around hinge points; Fig. 3A,A.1; Shum and Copp, 1996;Smith and Schoenwolf, 1997;Colas and Schoenwolf, 2001;Lowery and Sive, 2004;Wallingford, 2005). The rostrocaudal level at which bending is initiated varies amongst species.…”

Section: Cell Behaviors During Primary and Secondary Neurulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of neurulation: First impressions do not count

Harrington

Hong

Brewster

2009

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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SUMMARYThe central nervous system of vertebrate embryos originates from the neural tube (NT), a simple epithelium surrounding a central lumen. The mechanisms underlying the shaping of the NT, a process otherwise known as neurulation, have been the focus of numerous studies, using a variety of model systems. Yet, it remains unclear to what extent neurulation is conserved across vertebrates. This review provides a comparison between modes of neurulation, with a focus on cellular mechanisms. An emerging concept is that cell behaviors reveal similarities between modes of neurulation that cannot be predicted from morphological comparisons.Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 954-965, 2009. ß

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Neurulation: coming to closure

Cited by 208 publications

References 49 publications

Towards a cellular and molecular understanding of neurulation

Towards a cellular and molecular understanding of neurulation

Apical Accumulation of Rho in the Neural Plate Is Important for Neural Plate Cell Shape Change and Neural Tube Formation

Comparative analysis of neurulation: First impressions do not count

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