“…These elec trons, which dominate the atomic, chemical, and solid-state pro perties of the actinides, are expected to display strong correla tion effects due to their many-electron environment as well as considerable relativistic and quantum e]ectrodynamic effects. In fact, the various QED contributions are of a similar relative magnitude as for the innermost shells according to initial theo retical calculations (Huang et al, 1976;Chen et al, 1981), amounting to about 50 meV (1 Kcal) for 5f electrons. Using elec tron and ion spectrometric methods, it will become possible with the advent of the new advanced photon sources to embark into an entirely new endeavor and explore the electronic structure and dynamics of the heaviest elements known to man.…”