New approach applying a pet fish air pump in liquid‐phase microextraction for the determination of Sudan dyes in food samples by HPLC

Abstract

A new approach applying a pet fish air pump is introduced to develop an extraction method, namely, air-pump-enhanced emulsion, followed by salt-assisted emulsion breaking based on solidified floating organic drop microextraction for the extraction and preconcentration of Sudan I-IV before high-performance liquid chromatography. The applicability of this method was successfully demonstrated by determination of these dyes in four chili products that include chili powder, chili oil, chili sauce, and chili paste. An enrichment factor of 62 was obtained only with a sample solution of 5 mL. A linear range of 0.5-2500 ng/mL was obtained with a limit of detection of 0.16-0.24 ng/mL and recovery of 90-110%. This method is superior to other liquid-liquid extraction methods, as is simple, rapid, environmental friendly, and its phase separation needs no centrifugation. It also needs no disperser solvent and requires less organic solvent, and satisfies the criteria to be called as a green extraction. Therefore, this facile extraction method can be successfully applied in the determination of Sudan dyes in food samples.

Advancement in Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: A Multifaceted Approach to Textile Dye Removal through Physical, Biological and Chemical Techniques

“…A wide range of dye extraction techniques are available, including liquid‐liquid extraction, [43] solid phase extraction (SPE), [44] cloud point extraction, [45] co‐precipitation method, [46] and liquid phase micro‐extraction [47] etc., that are currently being explored for dye determination in various sectors. The physical procedures are non‐destructive and simply transfer contaminants from a particular medium to another, leading to subsequent treatment.…”

Flower‐like layered double hydroxide‐modified stainless‐steel fibers for online in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction of Sudan dyes

“…Sudan dye, as coloring agent commonly used in industry, is a hydrophobic azo compound that has potential genotoxicity and carcinogenicity to the human body . The industrial usage of Sudan dyes cause residues in water.…”

A simple assay platform for sensitive detection of Sudan I–IV in chilli powder based on CsPbBr3 quantum dots

“…Therefore, it is crucial to develop a rapid method to detect Sudan dyes in foodstuffs for guaranteeing the safety of consumers. To date, a variety of analytical methods for Sudan dyes in foodstuffs have been proposed, mainly including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Sricharoen et al 2017), mass spectrometry (Mazzotti et al 2008;Sciuto et al 2017), raman spectroscopy (Cheung et al 2010;Anibal et al 2012;Ou et al 2017), chemiluminescence flow injection analysis (Liu et al 2007), molecular imprinting method (Xu et al 2014), electroanalytical technique (Ensafi et al 2012), enzyme-linked immune method (Haustein et al 2012;Wang et al 2012) and fluorescence method. Among them, fluorescence method has attracted great interests due to the simple instruments and easy operations.…”