New Approaches to Thyroid Hormones and Purinergic Signaling

Abstract

It is known that thyroid hormones influence a wide variety of events at the molecular, cellular, and functional levels. Thyroid hormones (TH) play pivotal roles in growth, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, development, and metabolic homeostasis via thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) by controlling the expression of TR target genes. Most of these effects result in pathological and physiological events and are already well described in the literature. Even so, many recent studies have been devoted to bringing new information on problems in controlling the synthesis and release of these hormones and to elucidating mechanisms of the action of these hormones unconventionally. The purinergic system was recently linked to thyroid diseases, including enzymes, receptors, and enzyme products related to neurotransmitter release, nociception, behavior, and other vascular systems. Thus, throughout this text we intend to relate the relationship between the TH in physiological and pathological situations with the purinergic signaling.

Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments

“…5′-Nucleotidase activity in platelets is changed by hyper- and hypothyroidism and could be a further mechanism by which alterations in thyroid hormones are related to vascular diseases. The role of purinergic signalling in thyroid hormone activities in health and disease has been reviewed ( Silveira et al, 2013 ). In the ovary, follicular atresia involves cellular degeneration that is due to apoptosis evoked by P2X7R activation in both somatic and germinal follicular cells.…”

Identification of potential immunotherapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers in Graves' disease using weighted gene co-expression network analysis

“…Notably, our study unveiled pathways associated with cognitive impairment, suggesting a potential link between the molecular mechanisms identified in GD and observed cognitive dysfunction. The integrated analysis of purinergic signaling pathways, neuroactive ligand-respecter interaction, and DNA binding transcription factor activity offered a comprehensive view of their interplay in contributing to GD pathophysiology [ [51] , [52] , [53] ]. Moreover, our investigation revealed the paramount role of the neuroactive ligand-respecter interaction pathway in producing thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in the GD [ 50 ].…”

Adenosine - a mediator with multisystemic effects (or a hormone?)

“…Adenozín reguluje hladiny tyroidálnych hormónov a zároveň tyroxín a trijódtyronín ovplyvňujú produkciu adenozínu. Viaceré práce popísali supresívny účinok adenozínu na hladinu TSH prostredníctvom aktivácie AR1 v hypofýze [15].…”