New benzoxazines from renewable resources for green composite applications

Abstract

Fully bio-based composites composed of polybenzoxazine resins obtained from renewable natural resources (such as cardanol, furfurylamine, and stearylamine) and bio-fiber such as jute fiber were prepared. The purity of the isolated cardanol was determined by Gas Chromatography. The structure of cardanol and its benzoxazine monomers were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and Mass spectroscopic analysis and its polymerization process was monitored by Differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The composites' tensile and flexural strengths were measured by UTM and its impact strength was measured by IZOD impact tester respectively. The bio composite (PCF-Bzo/Jute fiber) shows superior thermal and mechanical (from thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis) properties when compared with stearylamine-based composite (PCS-Bzo/Jute fiber). The surface morphologies of the fractured composites were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:573-582, 2016.

Biobased Benzoxazine Derived from Daidzein and Furfurylamine: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Thermal Properties Investigation

“…[15] Up to now,alarge quantity of biobased benzoxazines have already been prepared from the renewable cardanol, [16,17] diphenolic acid, [18,19] phloretic acid, [20] furfurylamine, [21,22] stearylamine, [23] coumarin, [24,25] umbelliferone, [26] and more recently the lignin derivatives (guaiacol, [27][28][29][30] vanillin, [31][32][33] and eugenol [34][35][36][37][38] ). [15] Up to now,alarge quantity of biobased benzoxazines have already been prepared from the renewable cardanol, [16,17] diphenolic acid, [18,19] phloretic acid, [20] furfurylamine, [21,22] stearylamine, [23] coumarin, [24,25] umbelliferone, [26] and more recently the lignin derivatives (guaiacol, [27][28][29][30] vanillin, [31][32][33] and eugenol [34][35][36]…”

“…In recent years,w ith the rapid development of biobasedm aterials,u sing renewable phenolic or amine derivatives to replace the petroleum-based raw materials for the synthesis of benzoxazine monomers has attracted considerable attention. [15] Up to now,alarge quantity of biobased benzoxazines have already been prepared from the renewable cardanol, [16,17] diphenolic acid, [18,19] phloretic acid, [20] furfurylamine, [21,22] stearylamine, [23] coumarin, [24,25] umbelliferone, [26] and more recently the lignin derivatives (guaiacol, [27][28][29][30] vanillin, [31][32][33] and eugenol [34][35][36][37][38] ). Similar to the petroleum-based polybenzoxazines, mosto f these biobased benzoxazinesa lso suffer from the same drawbacks (low crosslink density and high brittleness).…”

Cardanol Benzoxazines: A Versatile Monomer with Advancing Applications

“…235 -276 - [33] C-sa 219 -274 66 [35] C-fa 214 83 237 reduction of curing initiation temperature. The BAa monomer has lower cure temperature than Ca, therefore it undergoes ringopening reaction at lower temperature.…”

“…Further, researchers utilized renewable sources amines, ethanolamine (ea), stearylamine (sa), and furfurylamine (fa), to form fully biobased cardanol benzoxazines.…”

“…An increase in aromatic rings from one in Ca monomer to three in Cta mono mer (4triphenylmethylaniline, ta) led to a tenfold higher crosslinking density along with an increase in the T g value. [33] Further, researchers utilized renewable sources amines, eth anolamine (ea), [34] stearylamine (sa), and furfurylamine (fa), [35] to form fully biobased cardanol benzoxazines.…”