New Conceptual Associative Learning in Amnesia: A Case Study

Rajaram, Suparna; Coslett, H. Branch

doi:10.1006/jmla.2000.2733

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…A second way of interpreting the present findings, as well as related findings (Chun & Phelps, 1999;Rajaram & Coslett, 2000a, 2000bSchacter et al, 1995) is that relational learning may well entail awareness but that proper organization of the contingencies and awareness follow a different time course. Clearly, the notion that awareness precedes performance must be abandoned, but it may well be that the formation of appropriate associations manifests itself behaviorally prior to full awareness.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Relational learning with and without awareness: Transitive inference using nonverbal stimuli in humans

et al. 2001

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Relational learning with and without awareness: Transitive inference using nonverbal stimuli in humans

et al. 2001

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“…Other cases have been described in which new semantic learning by densely amnesic patients has been demonstrated (Hamann & Squire 1995, Schacter et al 1984, Shimamura & Squire 1987. Note again, however, that, as one might expect, there is a good deal of variability in such learning in amnesic patients (Hamann & Squire 1995, Rajaram & Coslett 2000.…”

Section: The Case Of Kcmentioning

confidence: 92%

Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain

Tulving

2002

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

3,880

2,503

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[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences. The notion of episodic memory was first proposed some 30 years ago. At that time it was defined in terms of materials and tasks. It was subsequently refined and elaborated in terms of ideas such as self, subjective time, and autonoetic consciousness. This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and then discusses supporting evidence provided by (a) neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and (b) functional neuroimaging studies of patterns of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks. I also suggest that episodic memory is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.

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“…In fact, evidence is accumulating that both conscious and unconscious rapid associative encoding and retrieval are impaired in severely amnesic patients with hippocampal damage. One-trial associative encoding and retrieval with different presentation formats at study and test requiring a flexible representation in memory was impaired in amnesic patients when encoding and retrieval were implicit, i.e., not directly instructed (Rajaram and Coslett, 2000a , b ; Ryan et al, 2000 ; Verfaellie et al, 2006 ; Hannula et al, 2007 ). On the other hand, implicit single item encoding and retrieval remained intact in the same patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Formation and Flexible Expression of Memories of Subliminal Word Pairs

Reber¹,

Henke²

2011

Front. Psychology

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Our daily experiences are incidentally and rapidly encoded as episodic memories. Episodic memories consist of numerous associations (e.g., who gave what to whom where and when) that can be expressed flexibly in new situations. Key features of episodic memory are speed of encoding, its associative nature, and its representational flexibility. Another defining feature of human episodic memory has been consciousness of encoding/retrieval. Here, we show that humans can rapidly form associations between subliminal words and minutes later retrieve these associations even if retrieval words were conceptually related to, but different from encoding words. Because encoding words were presented subliminally, associative encoding, and retrieval were unconscious. Unconscious association formation and retrieval were dependent on a preceding understanding of task principles. We conclude that key computations underlying episodic memory – rapid encoding and flexible expression of associations – can operate outside consciousness.

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New Conceptual Associative Learning in Amnesia: A Case Study

Cited by 7 publications

References 87 publications

Relational learning with and without awareness: Transitive inference using nonverbal stimuli in humans

Relational learning with and without awareness: Transitive inference using nonverbal stimuli in humans

Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain

Rapid Formation and Flexible Expression of Memories of Subliminal Word Pairs

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