“…They are important index-fossils in Siegenian and Emsian [note: "Siegenian" and "Emsian" are used in the traditional German sense herein] strata of Central and W Europe and N Africa (e. g., SOLLE 1953;SWMON 1954;MIrVMEYER & GEIB 1967;MITTMEYER in ANDERLE 1991;CARLS et al 1972;MITTMEVER 1974MITTMEVER , 1982bSTRUVE & WERNER 1982;WERNER 1969;WERNER in Z1EGLER 1979;Fucns 1982;JANSEN 2001;SCHEMM-GREaORY 2004;SCnEMM-GREGORY 8 91 JANSEN 2005a, b). Regional Emsian substages and the classical Lower/Upper Emsian boundary have been defined by taxa ofArduspirifer (SOLLE 1972;MITTMEVER 1974MITTMEVER , 1982aSCHEMM-GREGORY & JANSEN 2005a).…”