New Eocene primate from Myanmar shares dental characters with African Eocene crown anthropoids

Jaeger, Jean‐Jacques; Chavasseau, Olivier; Lazzari, Vincent; Soe, Aung Naing; Sein, Chit; Maître, Anne Le; Shwe, Hla; Chaimanee, Yaowalak

doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11295-6

Cited by 21 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…A suite of dentognathic characteristics that strongly resembled those of anthropoids has been established in amphipithecines and largely agreed upon by the field [1,3,14,16,17,36,[47][48][49]. The new remains bring several additional phylogenetically important cranial and postcranial characters that further demonstrate the anthropoid status of Ganlea, and by extension, of all amphipithecines: the rostrum is short and high.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Considered separately, some of these characters may be observed on non-anthropoid primates but such a combination of diagnostic features for anthropoids [16,39,50,51] clearly characterizes Ganlea as an anthropoid. By contrast to crown anthropoid characteristics, the new skull remains clearly demonstrate that the postorbital septum was absent in Ganlea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A maximum parsimony analysis has been performed in order to investigate the phylogenetic position of Ganlea. A data matrix of 38 primate taxa and 326 morphological characters (electronic supplementary material, data S1) was used based on that used in [16]. Anthropoid taxa with uncertain familial status (Phileosimias, Bugtipithecus, Aseanpithecus) and/or only known from scarce material (Krabia, Talahpithecus, Afrotarsius, Afrasia) were discarded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phylogenetic affinities of the Amphipithecidae, and more particularly of Myanmar amphipithecines, have been debated for nearly a century [2,[4][5][6][7][8] although critical diagnostic skull features have been unavailable until now. Recent workers have supported anthropoid affinities for amphipithecines [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Other workers maintain that the dentognathic similarities between amphipithecines and anthropoids reflect convergent dietary adaptations to durophagy, thereby obscuring what they consider to be adapiform affinities [21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amphipithecine primates are stem anthropoids: cranial and postcranial evidence

et al. 2020

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Since their discovery in 1927, the phylogenetic status of the Myanmar amphipithecines has been highly debated. These fossil primates are recognized either as anthropoids or as adapiform strepsirrhines. This uncertainty was largely the consequence of a limited fossil record consisting mostly of jaw fragments but lacking the critical cranial elements that might resolve this debate. We report here cranial remains associated with an ulna from a single individual pertaining to the amphipithecine Ganlea megacanina . In addition to anthropoid-like dentognathic characters, Ganlea displays several ulna and skull features that testify to its anthropoid affinities (e.g. short subvertically oriented lacrimal duct, lacrimal foramen and bone inside the orbit, maxillary contribution to the lower orbital rim, fused metopic suture). By contrast to crown anthropoids, however, Ganlea lacks postorbital closure, confirming that postorbital closure appeared later than many anthropoid dentognathic characters and evolved convergently in extant tarsiers and anthropoids. Thus, amphipithecines must now be recognized as stem anthropoids offering a unique window on the early evolution of cranial and skeletal features in anthropoids, and reinforcing the hypothesis of an origin and early diversification of anthropoids in Asia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amphipithecine primates are stem anthropoids: cranial and postcranial evidence

et al. 2020

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“…Rose et al (2011) (Marivaux et al, 2006a), which has been radiometrically dated to 40. 31-40.22 Ma ((Khin Zaw et al, 2014;Jaeger et al, 2019).…”

Section: Calibrating Taxon Teilhardina Brandtimentioning

confidence: 99%

Total evidence tip-dating phylogeny of platyrrhine primates and 27 well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences

Vries

Beck

2021

Preprint

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Phylogenies with estimates of divergence times are essential for investigating many evolutionary questions. In principle, “tip-dating” is arguably the most appropriate approach, with fossil and extant taxa analyzed together in a single analysis, and topology and divergence times estimated simultaneously. However, “node-dating” (as used in many molecular clock analyses), in which fossil evidence is used to calibrate the age of particular nodes a priori, will probably remain the dominant approach, due to various issues with analyzing morphological and molecular data together. Tip-dating may nevertheless play a key role in robustly identifying fossil taxa that can be used to inform node-dating calibrations. Here, we present tip-dating analyses of platyrrhine primates (so-called “New World monkeys”) based on a total evidence dataset of 418 morphological characters and 10.2 kb of DNA sequence data from 17 nuclear genes, combined from previous studies. The resultant analyses support a late Oligocene or early Miocene age for crown Platyrrhini (composite age estimate: 20.7-28.2 Ma). Other key findings include placement of the early Miocene putative cebid Panamacebus outside crown Platyrrhini, equivocal support for Proteropithecia being a pitheciine, and support for a clade comprising three subfossil platyrrhines from the Caribbean (Xenothrix, Antillothrix and Paralouatta), related to Callicebinae. Based on these results and the available literature, we provide a list of 27 well-justified node calibrations for primate divergences, following best practices: 17 within Haplorhini, five within Strepsirrhini, one for crown Primates, and four for deeper divergences within Euarchontoglires. In each case, we provide a hard minimum bound, and for 23 of these we also provide a soft maximum bound and a suggested prior distribution. For each calibrated node, we provide the age of the oldest fossil of each daughter lineage that descends from it, which allows use of the “CladeAge” method for specifying priors on node ages.

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Tooth chipping patterns and dental caries suggest a soft fruit diet in early anthropoids

Towle,

Borths,

Loch

2023

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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ObjectivesFossils from the Fayum Depression, Egypt, are crucial for understanding anthropoid evolution due to the abundance of taxa and the time interval they represent (late Eocene to early Oligocene). Dietary and foraging behavioral interpretations suggest fruits were their dominant food source, although hard foods (e.g., seeds and nuts) and leaves could have been important dietary components for particular groups. In this study, we compare dental chipping patterns in five Fayum primate genera with chipping data for extant primates, to assess potential hard object feeding in early anthropoids.Materials and MethodsOriginal specimens were studied (Aegyptopithecus: n = 100 teeth; Parapithecus: n = 72, Propliopithecus: n = 99, Apidium: n = 82; Catopithecus: n = 68); with the number, severity, and position of chips recorded. Dental caries was also recorded, due to its association with soft fruit consumption in extant primates.ResultsTooth chipping was low across all five genera studied, with a pooled chipping prevalence of 5% (21/421). When split into the three anthropoid families represented, chipping prevalence ranged from 2.6% (4/154) in Parapithecidae, 6% (12/199) in Propliopithecidae, and 7.4% (5/68) in Oligopithecidae. Three carious lesions were identified in Propliopithecidae.DiscussionThe chipping prevalence is low when compared to extant anthropoids (range from 4% to 40%) and is consistent with a predominantly soft fruit diet, but not with habitual hard food mastication. The presence of caries supports consumption of soft, sugary fruits, at least in Propliopithecidae. Our results add support for low dietary diversity in early anthropoids, with soft fruits as likely dominant food sources.

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New Eocene primate from Myanmar shares dental characters with African Eocene crown anthropoids

Cited by 21 publications

References 47 publications

Amphipithecine primates are stem anthropoids: cranial and postcranial evidence

Amphipithecine primates are stem anthropoids: cranial and postcranial evidence

Total evidence tip-dating phylogeny of platyrrhine primates and 27 well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences

Tooth chipping patterns and dental caries suggest a soft fruit diet in early anthropoids

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