New Hormonal Contraceptives: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Abstract

Over 16 million women in the United States take oral hormonal contraceptives, yet approximately 5% experience an unintended pregnancy during the first year of use. Compliance with the regimen is important in maintaining cycle control and preventing pregnancy. New hormonal contraceptive agents, norelgestromin-ethinyl estradiol patch, etonogestrel-ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring, and medroxyprogesterone-estradiol cypionate injection, were designed to increase compliance and decrease adverse effects while maintaining efficacy. Each one has potential advantages for women seeking alternatives to traditional oral contraceptives or for those who have trouble remembering to take a daily pill. Each agent also may have its own disadvantages, including application site reactions, need for monthly injections, and device-related events; however, all have similar efficacy and adverse-effect profiles compared with current oral hormonal contraceptives.

Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Hydroazidation of Ethynyl Carbinols: Synthesis of 2‐Azidoallyl Alcohols

“…Ethisterone is the first orally active progestin. [11] The structural modification of ethisterone is highly interesting because of its significance for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. [12] However, the site-specific manipulation of the alkynyl group is challenging because of its close proximity to the reactive hydroxy group.…”

Systemic and barrier contraceptives for the dermatologist: a review

“…Women who use the patch are also more likely to experience vaginal spotting, breast tenderness, and dysmenorrhea, although these side-effects become identical in incidence to pill users after a few months. 107 The same contraindications as with other hormonal contraceptive options relate to the contraceptive patch. Adequate adhesion of the patch may be a concern to both patients and healthcare providers.…”

“…Not only can the patch cause further irritation of the skin, but the loss of normal skin integrity could significantly alter hormonal absorption. Women who use the patch are also more likely to experience vaginal spotting, breast tenderness, and dysmenorrhea, although these side‐effects become identical in incidence to pill users after a few months 107 . The same contraindications as with other hormonal contraceptive options relate to the contraceptive patch.…”

Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Hydroazidation of Ethynyl Carbinols: Synthesis of 2‐Azidoallyl Alcohols

“…[11] The structural modification of ethisterone is highly interesting because of its significance for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. [12] However, the site-specific manipulation of the alkynyl group is challenging because of its close proximity to the reactive hydroxy group.…”