New Insight into Partial Denitrification (PD)-based Anammox Process and Potential Engineering Application: A Review

Bahtiar, Fahmi; Zhang, Xingxing; Wang, Yuguang; Chaochao, Wang; Xia, Yunkang; Wu, Peng; Xu, Lu

doi:10.11648/j.jher.20200603.15

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Two‐stage PdNA separates the OHOs and anammox into two separate tanks so that the partial denitrification occurs in the first tank and the anaerobic ammonia oxidation occurs in the second tank. Separating these two microorganism types is supposed to prevent competition between the two types of organisms for nitrite (Bahtiar et al, 2020; Cao et al, 2017), although previous studies have shown that PdNA can be effectively implemented in a single‐stage configuration where anammox must compete with OHOs for nitrite (Le et al, 2019b). Since single‐stage configurations only require one tank, a full‐scale implementation of this configuration would also potentially take less space and money compared to two‐stage configurations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen removal capacity and carbon demand requirements of partial denitrification/anammox MBBR and IFAS processes

Justin

Long

Klaus

et al. 2022

Water Environment Research

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A pilot study was conducted to investigate the carbon demand requirements and nitrogen removal capabilities of two mainstream partial denitrification/anammox (PdNA) processes: a two‐zone, moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process and an integrated fixed‐film activated sludge (IFAS) process. The first MBBR zone conducted PdNA, while the second operated as an anammox zone. Operation of the IFAS process was conducted in two phases. The first phase of the operation involved minor external carbon addition, while the second phase of the operation involved controlled external carbon addition. The MBBR process produced an average effluent TIN concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/TIN ratio of 2.81 ± 1.21 mg/L and 2.42 ± 0.77 g/g. The average effluent TIN concentrations and COD/TIN ratios for the IFAS process were 4.07 ± 1.66 mg/L and 1.08 ± 0.38 g/g during phase 1 and 3.30 ± 0.96 mg/L and 2.18 ± 0.99 g/g during phase 2. Despite having relatively low and unstable partial denitrification (PdN) efficiencies, both mainstream PdNA processes exhibited low effluent TIN concentrations and carbon requirements compared to nitrification/denitrification. Successful operation of the PdNA IFAS process indicates that mainstream PdNA can be implemented with minimal capital costs in a water resource recovery facility's second anoxic zone. Practitioner Points Low effluent TIN concentrations can be maintained in mainstream PdNA MBBR and IFAS processes with low external carbon demand. MBBR and IFAS PdNA processes do not require consistent or high PdN efficiencies to maintain low effluent TIN concentrations. IFAS and MBBR PdNA processes exhibit similar TIN and NH3 removal efficiencies. PdNA can be implemented in a second anoxic zone, using IFAS technology for anammox retention, with minimal capital costs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen removal capacity and carbon demand requirements of partial denitrification/anammox MBBR and IFAS processes

Justin

Long

Klaus

et al. 2022

Water Environment Research

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“…A promising option for mainstream anammox is partial denitrification/anammox (PdNA). PdNA has proven to be an efficient method for removing nitrate and ammonia from mainstream wastewater in an economical and environmentally sustainable way, even in cold temperatures (Bahtiar et al, 2020). This process combines the first step of denitrification (reduction of nitrate to nitrite) with anammox bacteria (AMX) metabolism (oxidizing ammonia to nitrogen gas with nitrite as an electron acceptor).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Startup strategies for mainstream anammox polishing in moving bed biofilm reactors

Schoepflin

Justin

Long

et al. 2022

Water Environment Research

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This study evaluated startup strategies for mainstream polishing anammox moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) without anammox bacterial (AMX) biomass inoculation. Two types of startups were tested: anammox only (no external carbon addition) and partial denitrification/anammox (PdNA) with glycerol addition. Reactors were started with either virgin carriers or carriers with a preliminary biofilm from a mainstream aerobic integrated fixed‐film activated sludge (IFAS) process. Three pilot‐scale startups were completed under the following conditions: anammox‐only with preliminary biofilm carriers, PdNA with preliminary biofilm carriers, and PdNA with virgin carriers. AMX presence was confirmed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after 57, 57, and 77 days, respectively. Prior to AMX detection, average influent concentrations of ammonia and nitrite ranged from 1.7–2.7 mg/L and 0.98–1.8 mg/L, respectively. This study demonstrated that AMX can be grown on carriers without AMX seeding under mainstream conditions (temperature 17–29°C, low ammonia and nitrite), regardless of whether nitrite came from upstream or partial denitrification within the reactor. This study also showed that using preliminary biofilm carriers can decrease startup time by approximately 1 month. These results address critical questions for moving mainstream anammox processes to full‐scale implementation, and suggest that PdNA MBBRs are feasible and sustainable for full‐scale ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite polishing to meet stringent total nitrogen requirements. Practitioner Points This research will help utilities develop methods for starting up mainstream anammox MBBRs without the barrier of anammox biomass seeding. Preliminary biofilm carriers accelerated startup time in a PdNA MBBR, but a virgin carrier reactor started up in a similar timeframe, contrary to expectations. Also, contrary to expectations, high concentrations of ammonia and nitrite are not necessary for startup of an anammox or PdNA MBBR.

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“…With the recovery of PD bacteria, the system NAR increased rapidly, achieving a stable NAR of >80% by the 20th day of operation. It is generally believed that PD is successfully initiated when NAR exceeds 80% and the effluent NO 3 − –N is <5 mg L −1 22,23 . NAR reached 87.76% on the 30th day, and the effluent NO 3 − –N concentration reached its lowest (3.98 mg L −1 ), indicating that the PD system can be started rapidly after 30 days of operation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial denitrification in domestic sewage and nitrate wastewater: study of the initiation, influencing factors and operational performance

Ma,

Qin,

Chen

et al. 2023

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BackgroundPractical application of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has been limited by the difficulty of obtaining a stable supply of NO2‐‐N. In this study, partial denitrification was utilized as a novel approach to obtain nitrite for anammox, investigating the initiation, influencing factors and performance of partial denitrification in the simultaneous treatment of domestic sewage and nitrate wastewater.ResultsWhen the influent concentration of NO3‐‐N was 40 mg/L and the chemical oxygen demand to nitrate (COD/NO3‐‐N) ratio was 2.7, the NO2‐‐N accumulation rate exceeded 80%, with an effluent NO2‐‐N concentration of 35.64 mg/L. Furthermore, the partial denitrification performance was good. When the volume ratio of domestic sewage and nitrate wastewater was adjusted to 2:3 and sodium acetate was added to form a COD/NO3‐‐N ratio of 3.6, the effluent NO2‐‐N/NH4+‐N ratio was 1.24 and the effluent NO2‐‐N concentration and average NO2‐‐N accumulation rate reached >31.24 mg/L and 83.38%, respectively, effectively ensuring influent requirements for anammox.ConclusionThe NO3‐‐N reduction rate , NO3‐‐N removal rate and NO2‐‐N accumulation rate were positively correlated with the influent nitrate concentration when ranging between 15‐40 mg/L. An appropriate increase in the influent COD/NO3‐‐N ratio was conducive to a reduction in the time required for maximum levels of NO2‐‐N accumulation to occur, with an influent NO3‐‐N concentration of 40 mg/L. The partial denitrification system could simultaneously treat domestic sewage and nitrate wastewater, effectively ensuring that the generated effluent met the influent requirements for subsequent anammox.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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New Insight into Partial Denitrification (PD)-based Anammox Process and Potential Engineering Application: A Review

Cited by 6 publications

References 54 publications

Nitrogen removal capacity and carbon demand requirements of partial denitrification/anammox MBBR and IFAS processes

Nitrogen removal capacity and carbon demand requirements of partial denitrification/anammox MBBR and IFAS processes

Startup strategies for mainstream anammox polishing in moving bed biofilm reactors

Partial denitrification in domestic sewage and nitrate wastewater: study of the initiation, influencing factors and operational performance

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