New insight into the levels, distribution and health risk diagnosis of indoor and outdoor dust-bound FRs in colder, rural and industrial zones of Pakistan

Khan, Muhammad Usman; Li, Jun; Zhang, Gan; Malik, Riffat Naseem

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.030

Cited by 45 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…To sum up, the concentrations of PBDEs in this study were in a relatively lower level compared with European and North American countries and regions except for some regions in Africa (Hassan and Shoeib 2015) and Asia (Khan et al 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in floor and elevated surface house dust from Shanghai, China

Niu

Qiu

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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House dust is the main source of human exposure to flame retardants by ingestion. This study investigated the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust from 22 houses in Shanghai, China. House dust was separately collected from the floor and elevated furnishings surface (mostly between 0.5 and 2 m height) for comparison. The concentrations of ∑ PBDEs ranged from 19.4 to 3280 ng/g (with a geometric mean of 203 ng/g) and from 55.1 to 792 ng/g (with a geometric mean of 166 ng/g) in floor dust (FD) and elevated surface dust (ESD), respectively. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, accounting for about 73.1% of total PBDE burdens. In terms of congener profiles, the comparison of FD and ESD revealed no significant differences except for the ratio of BDE-47/BDE-99. ESD samples displayed a ratio of BDE-47/BDE-99 very similar to commercial penta-BDE products DE-71 while the ratio in FD was exceptionally higher. Significant correlation was found between concentrations of commercial penta-BDE compositions in FD and ESD (p < 0.05). Except for some occasional values, PBDE levels in house dust exhibited temporal stability. Human exposure to PBDEs via dust ingestion was estimated. The highest daily intake of PBDEs was for toddlers by using 95th percentile concentrations of PBDEs via high dust ingestion in FD (23.07 ng/kg bw/day). About 20-fold difference in exposure estimates between toddlers and adults supports that toddlers are facing greater risk from indoor floor dust. Expectedly, this study highlighted the point that residents in Shanghai were exposed to low doses of PBDEs in house dust.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in floor and elevated surface house dust from Shanghai, China

Niu

Qiu

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Many FRs are semivolatile compounds and can leach from the polymeric materials containing FRs (Saito et al, 2007). Consequently, FR levels in indoor particles are generally much higher than in outdoor particles (Besis and Samara, 2012;Cao et al, 2014;Khan et al, 2016). Considering that larger outdoor particles are Table 2 Concentrations (ng g À1 ) and detection frequency of OPFRs, PBDEs and NBFRs in dust from apartments (n ¼ 10), houses (n ¼ 10), primary schools (n ¼ 5), offices (n ¼ 5) and cars (n ¼ 16).…”

Section: Comparison Among Dust Typologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure to brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants via indoor dust in a Brazilian city

Cristale

Belé

Lacorte

et al. 2018

Environmental Pollution

100

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Indoor dust is considered an important human exposure route to flame retardants (FRs), which has arised concern due the toxic properties of some of these substances. In this study, ten organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and four new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined in indoor dust from different places in Araraquara-SP (Brazil). The sampled places included houses, apartments, offices, primary schools and cars. The analysis of the sample extracts was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and two ionization techniques were used (electron ionization - EI; electron capture negative ionization - ECNI). OPFRs were the most abundant compounds and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were present at the highest concentrations. Among the brominated FRs, the most ubiquitous compounds were BDE-209, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Statistical analysis revealed that there were differences among dust typologies for TBOEP, TDCIPP, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), BDE-209, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), BEH-TEBP and DBDPE, which were attributed to different construction materials in each particular environment and to the age of the buildings. The highest levels of brominated FRs were observed in offices, TBOEP was at high concentration in primary schools, and TDCIPP was at high concentration in cars. A preliminary risk assessment revealed that toddlers were exposed to TBOEP levels higher than the reference dose when considering the worst case scenario. The results obtained in this study showed for the first time that although Brazil does not regulate the use of FRs, these substances are present in indoor dust at levels similar to the observed in countries that have strict fire safety standards, and that humans are exposed to complex mixtures of these contaminants via indoor dust.

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“…The hazard quotient (HQ) was used to estimate the potential non-carcinogenic health risk of PBDEs. Recommended RfD values for daily oral PBDE exposure were obtained from USEPA [74] and Khan et al [75,76]. It is noted that particle size could affect exposure dose through inhalation.…”

Section: Inhalation Exposure and Health Risk Assessment For Bfrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal distribution, gas–particle partitioning and inhalation exposure of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in gas and particle phases

et al. 2019

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Background: Atmosphere is one of the sources and sinks to gas-and particle-bound brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Therefore, BFRs can enter human body via inhalation. In the present study, 79 of gas-and particle-phase samples (TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5) were collected during 2015-2016 in urban area of Shanghai, China to investigate the occurrence of 25 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE). Results: The total concentrations of BFRs ranged from 0.66 to 13.7 pg/m 3 , 25.82 to 376.27 pg/m 3 , 14.58 to 365.49 pg/ m 3 and 15.17 to 304.89 pg/m 3 in gas, TSP, PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively. HBB was the main compound in gas phase; while BDE-209 was the dominant congener in particle phase. Atmospheric BFRs in winter was much lower than in summer, while particle phase showed opposite seasonal tendency. Conclusions: Clausius-Clapeyron equation suggested that BTBPE, BDE-28,-66,-99,-100, and-154 were more driven by temperature and evaporated from local contamination. Higher-brominated congeners tended to be absorbed in particle phase, while low-brominated compounds partitioned in both gas and particle phases. Gas/particle partitioning results showed that absorption into the aerosol organic matter was the dominant process for BFRs. The inhalation health risk assessment demonstrated that the hazard quotient (HQs) for most PBDEs in winter was higher than in summer.

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New insight into the levels, distribution and health risk diagnosis of indoor and outdoor dust-bound FRs in colder, rural and industrial zones of Pakistan

Cited by 45 publications

References 79 publications

Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in floor and elevated surface house dust from Shanghai, China

Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in floor and elevated surface house dust from Shanghai, China

Occurrence and human exposure to brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants via indoor dust in a Brazilian city

Seasonal distribution, gas–particle partitioning and inhalation exposure of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in gas and particle phases

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