New Insight into the Structure, Development, Functions and Popular Disorders of Bursa Fabricii

Madej, Janusz A.; Chrząstek, Klaudia; Piasecki, Tomasz; Wieliczko, Alina

doi:10.1111/ahe.12026

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…In birds, the development of pathogen specific antibody-producing B-lymphocytes in young birds occurs in the bursa of Fabricius (or 'bursa') -an offshoot of the intestines near the cloaca. The bursa is responsible for B-lymphocyte production until birds reach sexual maturity, after which production occurs predominantly in the bone marrow (Madej et al 2013). At maturity the bursa atrophies and loses its function.…”

Section: Immune Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The avian gut microbiota: community, physiology and function in wild birds

Grond

Sandercock

Jumpponen

et al. 2018

Journal of Avian Biology

262

276

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Gastrointestinal microbiota play a vital role in maintaining organismal health, through facilitating nutrient uptake, detoxification and interactions with the immune system. The gastrointestinal microbiota of birds has been poorly studied, especially in wild species under natural conditions. Studies of avian gut microbiota are outnumbered ten to one by studies of mammals, and are dominated by research on domestic poultry. Unlike domestic poultry, wild birds vary widely in environmental preferences, physiology, and life‐history traits, such as migratory behavior and mating systems. Species characteristics result in a vast diversity in gut microbiota and its composition and function. Avian life‐history characteristics pose selection pressures on the gut microbiota, and ultimately affect host health. Here, we review current knowledge of the gut microbiota of wild birds, including: partitioning of digestive function and microbiota among different gastrointestinal compartments, microbial diversity and function in the context of host diet, energetics and behavior, and the intrinsic and extrinsic factors impacting gut microbiota in free‐living birds. The shared core microbiota of wild bird species is dominated by members of four major phyla: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. However, microbial communities varies inter‐ and intra‐specifically, and among gastrointestinal tract sections. To conclude, we identify three key research areas that warrant further investigation: 1) expanding the range of avian host taxa investigated, 2) identifying the function of avian gut microbiota in physiology and immunology, and 3) transitioning from observational studies to experimental manipulations to identify key determinants of wild bird gut microbiota composition.

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Section: Immune Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The avian gut microbiota: community, physiology and function in wild birds

Grond

Sandercock

Jumpponen

et al. 2018

Journal of Avian Biology

262

276

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The bursal follicle is the smallest component of the BF parenchyma, which consists of the medulla, the cortex and the follicular structure [ 8 , 14 , 24 ]. The follicular structure of the BF is composed of the follicle-associated epithelium, the basement membrane (BM) and the BM-associated epithelium [ 8 , 14 , 24 ]. It provides a microenvironment for the development of B lymphocytes and is important for immunoreactivity in chickens [ 6 , 8 , 16 , 24 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoreactivity and morphological changes of bursal follicles in chickens infected with vaccine or wild-type strains of the infectious bursal disease virus

Aihara

Horiuchi

Hikichi

et al. 2015

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is characterized by immunosuppression due to the depletion of lymphocytes in the atrophied bursa of Fabricius (BF). We have sometimes encountered contradictory findings: chickens infected with the vaccine IBD virus (IBDV) strain have sometimes exhibited a highly atrophied BF, but not immunosuppression. In this study, chickens administered vaccine or wild-type strains of IBDV were later vaccinated with the B1 strain of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Bursal changes were examined histologically with a focus on the bursal follicle. The immunoreactivity to NDV was also evaluated with the hemagglutination inhibition test. In gross examination, we observed a few chickens with a severely atrophied BF in vaccine strain-administered groups (vaccine groups), and the level of severity was the same as that in the wild-type strain-administered group (wild-type group). However, these chickens retained humoral antibody responses to NDV and were revealed to possess a higher number of bursal follicles than those of the wild-type group. These results indicated that macroscopic evaluation dose not accurately reflect the immunoreactivity and degree of bursal damage in IBDV-administered chickens. We also found non-immunosuppressed chickens in the wild-type group. These non-immunosuppressed chickens retained a significantly higher number of normal follicles and total follicles according to our statistical analysis. Furthermore, a high correlation coefficient between the NDV-HI titer and the number of normal follicles was found in the wild-type group. These results implied that the retained number of normal follicles is important for the immunoreactivity of chickens infected with IBDV.

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“…The "B" in B cells actually refers to this bursa, reflecting the historical origins of B cell discovery (31,32). The follicles of the bursa are composed of reticular epithelial cells, bursal secretory dendritic cells, mature T helper cells, macrophages, and B cells at different stages of maturation (33). In this organ, most of the lymphoid cells are B cells (98%), with only 2% of T cells (27).…”

Section: Morphology Of the Lymphoid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chicken Embryo Model: A Novel and Relevant Model for Immune-Based Studies

Garcia

Wang²,

Viallet³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Dysregulation of the immune system is associated with many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. To date, the most commonly used models in biomedical research are rodents, and despite the various advantages they offer, their use also raises numerous drawbacks. Recently, another in vivo model, the chicken embryo and its chorioallantoic membrane, has re-emerged for various applications. This model has many benefits compared to other classical models, as it is cost-effective, time-efficient, and easier to use. In this review, we explain how the chicken embryo can be used as a model for immune-based studies, as it gradually develops an embryonic immune system, yet which is functionally similar to humans’. We mainly aim to describe the avian immune system, highlighting the differences and similarities with the human immune system, including the repertoire of lymphoid tissues, immune cells, and other key features. We also describe the general in ovo immune ontogeny. In conclusion, we expect that this review will help future studies better tailor their use of the chicken embryo model for testing specific experimental hypotheses or performing preclinical testing.

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New Insight into the Structure, Development, Functions and Popular Disorders of Bursa Fabricii

Cited by 16 publications

References 71 publications

The avian gut microbiota: community, physiology and function in wild birds

The avian gut microbiota: community, physiology and function in wild birds

Immunoreactivity and morphological changes of bursal follicles in chickens infected with vaccine or wild-type strains of the infectious bursal disease virus

The Chicken Embryo Model: A Novel and Relevant Model for Immune-Based Studies

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