New Insights into the Failure Front Phenomenon and the Equation of State of Soda-Lime Glass Under Planar Plate Impact

Abstract

A systematic study has been performed to gather more detailed experimental information on the equation of state and the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of soda-lime glass as well as the failure front phenomenon. The key innovations of this study comprise experimental as well as analytical aspects. On the one hand, an extensive planar plate impact (PPI) test series has been carried out over a wide range of shock loading stress levels instrumented with two high-speed cameras and laser interferometers (PDV and VISAR). On the other hand, a systematic analysis concept has been developed and evaluated, including a combination of Lagrange diagrams with velocity profile data and a derivation of the equation of state together with an error estimation. Impact velocities ranged from 500 to 3000 m/s resulting in loadings of the soda-lime glass targets between 3.5 and 20.8 GPa. For stress levels between 3.5 and 6.7 GPa two high-speed cameras with 5 Mfps, positioned at the side and rear of the specimens, enabled the observation of shock waves and two different kinds of failure fronts. Therefore, visual information could be gathered not only in the purely elastic regime, but also in the transition region above 4 GPa and at stress levels beyond the HEL. The HEL of the soda-lime glass is determined to $$\left(5.0 \pm 0.2\right) \mathrm{GPa}$$ 5.0 ± 0.2 GPa . For the onset of an internal failure front a minimum longitudinal stress between 3.8 and 3.9 GPa is identified. The evaluated failure front velocities range from 800 to 2100 m/s. From the observed release response a minimum spall strength of 6.7 GPa and release wave velocities between 5740 and 9500 m/s are deduced.

Behavior of soda-lime silicate glass under laser-driven shock compression up to 315 GPa

“…In spite of differences in the strain rate for gas gun compared to laser-driven shock impact, the obtained fit for U s -u p matches well with the literature values. 2,4,[14][15][16] The pressure vs volume compression ( ρ o ρ ) were also seen to match with studies by Renganathan et al 2 and Alexander et al 4 Figures 3 and 4 show that U s -u p is linear upto 315 GPa within the experimental error bars. Furthermore, the shocked SLG is seen to compress smoothly from 30 to 70 GPa without any sudden changes in the compressibility.…”

“…2,4,14-16 (b) Pressure vs volume compression calculated from U s -u p relationship compared with the literature. 2,[14][15][16] relationship was seen to agree well with the literature, indicating that shock behavior is similar in SLG for both laser-driven shock and gas gun studies. The lack of kinks or discontinuities in U s -u p data within the error bars suggests there is no phase transition to stishovite up to 70 GPa, contrary to that observed for fused silica.…”

Hugoniot Data and Equation of State Parameters for an Ultra-High Performance Concrete

“…The planar plate impact (PPI) test is an established technique to investigate EOS properties under shock loading [13,20,21] that has been applied to a variety of different materials, such as metals, composites, concretes and geomaterials [15,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Hugoniot data derived from these experiments is available for different types of concrete [15, 22-25, 27, 29] and mortar materials [27,31,33].…”