New Online Resource on the 3Rs Principles of Animal Research for Wildlife Biologists, Ecologists, and Conservation Managers

Abstract

The Earth’s biodiversity is in crisis. Without radical action to conserve habitats, the current rate of species extinction is predicted to accelerate even further. Efficient species conservation requires planning, management, and continuous biodiversity monitoring through wildlife research. Conservation biology was built on the utilitarian principle, where the well-being of species, populations, and ecosystems is given priority over the well-being of individual animals. However, this tenet has been increasingly under discussion and it has been argued that wildlife researchers need to safeguard the welfare of the individual animals traditionally subjected to invasive or lethal research procedures. The 3Rs principles of animal use (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) have become the cornerstone of ethical scientific conduct that could minimize the potential negative impact of research practices. One of the obvious strategies to implement the 3Rs in wildlife studies is to use non-invasive or non-lethal research methods. However, in contrast to toxicological or pharmacological research on laboratory animal models, up to now no 3Rs databases or online resources designed specifically for wildlife biologists, ecologists, and conservation managers have been available. To aid the implementation of the 3Rs principles into research on wildlife, I developed an online resource whose structure is outlined in this paper. The website contains a curated database of peer-reviewed articles that have implemented non-invasive or non-lethal research methods that could be used as a guideline for future studies.

Saúde animal: comércio e sociedade

“…À medida que o foco no bem-estar animal se expande para incluir a vida selvagem, é imperativo garantir que as pesquisas minimizem os danos a cada animal. Isto exige o desenvolvimento e a adesão a diretrizes baseadas em evidências e a utilização de métodos de investigação que priorizem o bem-estar animal na investigação da vida selvagem (Zemanova, 2021) (Marchant et al, 2023).…”

Animal behaviour and welfare research: A One Health perspective

“…The recognition of the intrinsic value of humans and animals also implies that we might align ethical considerations of human and animal participants (Lund and Forsberg, 2009). Petkov et al (2022) suggest combining principles from various sources including the Helsinki declaration; the 3Rs of replacement, reduction and refinement (Russell and Burch, 1959; Zemanova, 2021, 2023); the 3Ss of good science, good sense and good sensibility (Smith and Hawkins, 2016); and others (Tannenbaum, 2017; Beauchamp and DeGrazia, 2019; Würbel, 2017). We might similarly integrate ethical principles applied to specific areas of research, for example animal behaviour (e.g.…”