New substrates for reliable enzymes: enzymatic modification of polymers

Abstract

Recent studies clearly indicate that the modification of synthetic and natural polymers with enzymes is an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical methods using harsh conditions. New processes using lipases, proteases, nitrilases and glycosidases have been developed for the specific non-destructive functionalization of polymer surfaces. The specificity of enzymes has also been exploited in polymer synthesis; for example, lipases have been used for the production of optically active polyesters. Oxidoreductases have been used for the cross-linking and grafting of lignaceous materials and for the production of polymers from phenolics. Recent successes in this area are mainly attributable to advances in the design of reaction systems (e.g. biphasic systems and micellar solutions), while the enzymes are mainly from commercial sources.

Laccases and Their Applications: A Patent Review

“…Most of studies have been patented about the use of LMS in the pulp-kraft bleaching processes [123,[126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141]. More recently, the potential of this enzyme for cross-linking and functionalizing ligninaceous compounds was discovered [142][143][144][145]. In another related application, laccases can be even used for deinking and decolorizing a printed paper [146][147][148][149].…”

“…In another related application, laccases can be even used for deinking and decolorizing a printed paper [146][147][148][149]. Finally, laccases can be used for binding fiber-, particle-and paper-boards [143,[150][151][152][153]. However, different wood-decaying basidiomycetes have shown a highly variable pattern of laccase formation, and this subject requires more detailed experiments [154].…”

A New Esterase from Thermobifida halotolerans Hydrolyses Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polylactic Acid (PLA)

“…Typically, chemical methods [17,18] or plasma technology are used to increase the hydrophilicity of polymers [19,20] or to create reactive groups on the surface of inert materials [21]. Enzyme-based approaches would avoid the use of harsh chemicals [22] and/or require considerable less energy [23].…”

Enzyme-Catalyzed Modifications of Polysaccharides and Poly(ethylene glycol)

“…As polysaccharides are natural materials, many enzymes are available in nature that can carry out these reactions. In addition, enzymes are often chemospecific, regiospecific and/or enantiospecific, enabling the synthesis of products with well-defined or stereospecific structures [14][15][16][17]. Another advantage is the mild conditions under which many enzymatic reactions can be done, often leading to products with less color or odor, and reduced levels of undesirable by-products.…”