New technique for drug application to the spinal cord of walking mice

Akay, Turgay; Fouad, Karim; Pearson, K. G.

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.02.001

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In these experiments, V3-derived neurons in the lumbar cord were “silenced” by directly applying allatostatin to the L2-L4 segments (Akay et al, 2008). Kinematic analysis of walking was analyzed in eight Sim1 Cre ; AlstR192 animals, five of which showed a profound change in their gait, while three other mice showing either mild or no changes in their gait when allatostatin was applied to the spinal cord.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adult kinematic analyses were performed as described by Akay et al (2008). Eight adult Sim1 Cre ; Alstr192 mice (3-6 month old) were anesthetized with isofluorane and given the analgesic buprenorphine (0.1mg/kg).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After full recovery from anesthesia, the mouse was then returned to the walkway and locomotor activity was further videotaped for a period of 30 min. High concentrations of allatostatin were used due to the steep concentration gradient that occurs when drugs are applied subdurally (Brumley et al, 2007; Akay et al, 2008). Control animals treated with similar concentrations of allatostatin showed no changes in their locomotor gait.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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V3 Spinal Neurons Establish a Robust and Balanced Locomotor Rhythm during Walking

Zhang

Narayan

Geiman

et al. 2008

Neuron

Self Cite

314

437

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Summary A robust and well-organized rhythm is a key feature of many neuronal networks, including those that regulate essential behaviors such as circadian rhythmogenesis, breathing and locomotion. Here we show that excitatory V3-derived neurons are necessary for a robust and organized locomotor rhythm during walking. When V3-mediated neurotransmission is selectively blocked by the expression of the Tetanus toxin light chain subunit (TeNT), the regularity and robustness of the locomotor rhythm is severely perturbed. A similar degeneration in the locomotor rhythm occurs when the excitability of V3-derived neurons is reduced acutely by ligand-induced activation of the allatostatin receptor. The V3-derived neurons additionally function to balance the locomotor output between both halves of the spinal cord, thereby ensuring a symmetrical pattern of locomotor activity during walking. We propose that the V3 neurons establish a robust and balanced motor rhythm by distributing excitatory drive between both halves of the spinal cord.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

V3 Spinal Neurons Establish a Robust and Balanced Locomotor Rhythm during Walking

Zhang

Narayan

Geiman

et al. 2008

Neuron

Self Cite

314

437

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show abstract

“…Towards this goal, the analysis of diverse motor behaviors needs to be combined with physiological studies on reduced in vitro preparations and biophysical descriptions of neuronal excitability and output. In mouse and zebrafish, there are the beginnings of a combined genetic, cellular and in vivo behavioral assault on the problem of spinal motor control (7, 10, 118, 119, 120). Along the way, it may be worth ensuring that the acceleration of technologies in genetic manipulation of defined neuronal subtypes is accompanied by the design and implementation of more refined and informative assays of motor behavior.…”

Section: What Next In the Measurement Of Motion?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured motion: searching for simplicity in spinal locomotor networks

Grillner

Jessell

2009

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

355

300

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Spinal interneurons are organized into networks that control the activity and output of the motor system. This review outlines recent progress in defining the rules that govern the assembly and function of spinal motor networks, focusing on three main areas. We first examine how subtle variations in the wiring diagrams and organization of locomotor networks in different vertebrates permits animals to adapt their motor programs to the demands of their physical environment. We discuss how the membrane properties of spinal interneurons, and their synaptic interactions, underlie the modulation of motor circuits and encoded motor behaviors. We also describe recent molecular genetic approaches to map and manipulate the connectivity and interactions of spinal interneurons and to assess the impact of such perturbations on network function and motor behavior.

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“…Therefore, to increase our comprehension of the role of various interneurons in locomotion, it is advantageous to link proposed functions of interneuronal groups in the neonates with their contributions to movement performances in adults. Studies that use optogenetic or chemogenetic approaches to selectively and reversibly perturb or activate molecularly defined spinal neurons during ongoing unrestrained locomotor behavior in adult mouse may provide the most reliable indicator of functional role in locomotor behavior (e.g., Akay et al 2008;Zhang et al 2008).…”

Section: Contemporary Issues Concerning the Functional Integration Of Spinal Interneurons In The Mammalian Locomotor Circuitrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of molecularly defined spinal interneurons engaged in mammalian locomotor pattern generation

Ziskind-Conhaim

Hochman

2017

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Mapping the expression of transcription factors in the mouse spinal cord has identified ten progenitor domains, four of which are cardinal classes of molecularly defined, ventrally located interneurons that are integrated in the locomotor circuitry. This review focuses on the properties of these interneuronal populations and their contribution to hindlimb locomotor central pattern generation. Interneuronal populations are categorized based on their excitatory or inhibitory functions and their axonal projections as predictors of their role in locomotor rhythm generation and coordination. The synaptic connectivity and functions of these interneurons in the locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) have been assessed by correlating their activity patterns with motor output responses to rhythmogenic neurochemicals and sensory and descending fibers stimulations as well as analyzing kinematic gait patterns in adult mice. The observed complex organization of interneurons in the locomotor CPG circuitry, some with seemingly similar physiological functions, reflects the intricate repertoire associated with mammalian motor control and is consistent with high transcriptional heterogeneity arising from cardinal interneuronal classes. This review discusses insights derived from recent studies to describe innovative approaches and limitations in experimental model systems and to identify missing links in current investigational enterprise.

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New technique for drug application to the spinal cord of walking mice

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

V3 Spinal Neurons Establish a Robust and Balanced Locomotor Rhythm during Walking

V3 Spinal Neurons Establish a Robust and Balanced Locomotor Rhythm during Walking

Measured motion: searching for simplicity in spinal locomotor networks

Diversity of molecularly defined spinal interneurons engaged in mammalian locomotor pattern generation

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