New Techniques for Cartilage Imaging: T2 Relaxation Time and Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging

Gläser, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2005.02.007

Cited by 94 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Prominent in these are: proton-based methods such as T 2 relaxation mapping (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), delayed gadoliniumenhanced magnetic resonance imaging contrast (dGEM-RIC) (21,22), T 1r relaxation mapping (23)(24)(25)(26) and the direct MRI of sodium (27)(28)(29)(30). T 2 is predominantly affected by changes in collagen content and to a smaller extent in PG in the tissue.…”

Section: Osteoarthritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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In this article, both sodium magnetic resonance (MR) and T 1r relaxation mapping aimed at measuring molecular changes in cartilage for the diagnostic imaging of osteoarthritis are reviewed. First, an introduction to structure of cartilage, its degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) and an outline of diagnostic imaging methods in quantifying molecular changes and early diagnostic aspects of cartilage degeneration are described. The sodium MRI section begins with a brief overview of the theory of sodium NMR of biological tissues and is followed by a section on multiple quantum filters that can be used to quantify both bi-exponential relaxation and residual quadrupolar interaction. Specifically, (i) the rationale behind the use of sodium MRI in quantifying proteoglycan (PG) changes, (ii) validation studies using biochemical assays, (iii) studies on human OA specimens, (iv) results on animal models and (v) clinical imaging protocols are reviewed. Results demonstrating the feasibility of quantifying PG in OA patients and comparison with that in healthy subjects are also presented. The section concludes with the discussion of advantages and potential issues with sodium MRI and the impact of new technological advancements (e.g. ultra-high field scanners and parallel imaging methods). In the theory section on T 1r , a brief description of (i) principles of measuring T 1r relaxation, (ii) pulse sequences for computing T 1r relaxation maps, (iii) issues regarding radio frequency power deposition, (iv) mechanisms that contribute to T 1r in biological tissues and (v) effects of exchange and dipolar interaction on T 1r dispersion are discussed. Correlation of T 1r relaxation rate with macromolecular content and biomechanical properties in cartilage specimens subjected to trypsin and cytokineinduced glycosaminoglycan depletion and validation against biochemical assay and histopathology are presented. Experimental T 1r data from osteoarthritic specimens, animal models, healthy human subjects and as well from osteoarthritic patients are provided. The current status of T 1r relaxation mapping of cartilage and future directions is also discussed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS: cartilage; arthritis; spin-lock; T1rho; sodium; MRI OSTEOARTHRITIS Osteoarthritis (OA) affects more than half of the population above the age of 65 (1,2) and has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of elderly individuals (3). The economic costs in the USA from OA have been estimated to be more than 1% of the gross domestic product (4). OA is now increasingly viewed as a metabolically active joint disorder of diverse etiologies. The biochemistry of the disease is characterized by the following changes in cartilage: reduced proteoglycan (PG) concentration, possible changes in the size of collagen fibril and aggregation of PG, increased water content and increased rate of synthesis and degradation of matrix macromolecules. The earliest changes in the cartilage due to OA result in a partial breakdown in the proteoglyc...

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Section: Osteoarthritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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“…T2 mapping Alteration in the orderly transition in T2 values within cartilage has been shown to correlate to changes in water content and changes in collagen structure and organization associated with hyaline articular cartilage degradation [59,60]. This technique could serve as a proxy of collagen organization in the articular cartilage in haemophilic joints.…”

Section: Magnetic Resonance Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

State‐of‐the‐art imaging techniques for the evaluation of haemophilic arthropathy: present and future

Doria

2010

Haemophilia

102

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Summary. In spite of the fact that the diagnosis of haemophilia is essentially clinical and laboratorybased, imaging has become an important tool for the evaluation of complications, diagnostic confirmation and/or complementation and therapeutic follow-up in haemophilic arthropathy. Radiography remains the workforce horse in the diagnosis and follow-up of haemophilic arthropathy. The radiographical findings in arthropathy follow an expected sequence of events and are overall similar in different joints. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advantages over radiography based on its capability of visualizing soft tissue and cartilage changes in haemophilic joints. The recent development and standardization of MRI scoring systems for measuring soft tissue and cartilage abnormalities may enable the comparison of pathological joint findings in clinical trials conducted at different institutions across the world. The implementation of high-frequency transducers and colour/power Doppler capabilities has provided new insights for clinical applications of ultrasonography (US) in haemophilic arthropathy. In spite of the imaging modality's technical challenges such as operator-dependency, US has advantages over MRI. One of these advantages is its ability of differentiating synovium hypertrophy and hemosiderin deposition, which is not possible with MRI given the presence of susceptibility artefacts from extracellular hemosiderin on gradient-echo MR images. In addition to the aforementioned conventional imaging modalities, novel imaging techniques (blood oxygen level dependent, ultrasmall superparamagnetic ironoxide contrast-enhanced, and T1 and T2 mapping MRI, ultrasound biomicroscopy, microbubble contrast-enhanced US and positron emission tomography, among others) hold promise for early assessment of haemophilic arthropathy in the future upon completion of their clinical validation.

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“…The MRI techniques most often reported to possibly visualise cartilage structure and composition are delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and quantitative T2 mapping [10][11][12][13][14]. In addition to those techniques, various other promising methodologies are available in biochemical cartilage imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T2 and T2* mapping in patients after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation: initial results on clinical use with 3.0-Tesla MRI

et al. 2009

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New Techniques for Cartilage Imaging: T2 Relaxation Time and Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging

Cited by 94 publications

References 82 publications

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

State‐of‐the‐art imaging techniques for the evaluation of haemophilic arthropathy: present and future

T2 and T2* mapping in patients after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation: initial results on clinical use with 3.0-Tesla MRI

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New Techniques for Cartilage Imaging: T2 Relaxation Time and Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging

Cited by 94 publications

References 82 publications

Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

State‐of‐the‐art imaging techniques for the evaluation of haemophilic arthropathy: present and future

T2 and T2* mapping in patients after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation: initial results on clinical use with 3.0-Tesla MRI

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Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage