New Techniques Used for Removing Antibiotic Residues and Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Water

Abstract

Overuse and misuse of different antibiotics are considered as one of the main causes of antibiotics accumulation in the environment, most commonly used antibiotics are semimetabolized and excreted by humans to the environment. Studies reported that antibiotic usage exceeds 100,000 tons per year, and this amount may be shocking. However, in fact, the persistence of antibiotic compounds may be more dangerous than the used amount, so it is necessary to develop new methods for elimination of these new pollutants from the environment, especially from water. In this paper, we highlight new and more efficient methods used for removing antibiotic residues (AR) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The new techniques are Fe3O4/red mud nanoparticles, 3D hierarchical porous-structured biochar aerogels, calcined layered double hydroxides, co-doped UiO-66 nanoparticles, Cu@TiO2 hybrids, bioelectrochemical systems, and aerobic granulation process. Most of these methods showed good performance in removing AR and ARGs that ranged from 85% to 95%. These percentages are consider very efficient compared with traditional wastewater treatment methods.

Isolation and identification of pathogenic species of the genus Pseudomonas and study of antibiotic resistance

“…As the total number of bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reached (25) bacterial isolates out of the total (115) isolates with a percentage of (21.7%), which included (5) isolates from urine, (7) isolates from wounds and (13) isolates from burns, which were represented by: (20%), (28%), and (52%), respectively, from a total of 25 isolates. As for P. fluorescens, the number of its isolates also reached (10) bacterial isolates out of the total (115) with a percentage of (8.7%), which included (2) isolates from urine, (5) isolates from wounds, (3) isolates from burns, where It was represented by (20%), (50%) and (30%), respectively, from a total of 10 isolates.…”

“…It is an opportunistic pathogen that possesses a group of virulence factors that make it a subject of interest and study for researchers because of the damage it causes to human health and is responsible for some of the injuries that affect it, as it causes many acute and chronic infections such as burns, wounds and ear infections [2,3] . As for the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is a non-pathogenic bacterium found in soil and plants [4], and it is a chemo-organotroph for nutrition and respiration, and this bacterium is considered one of the most important factors of biological resistance [5] , these bacteria are characterized by being adapted to survive in the soil or settle inside plants, and have a positive effect on both the pathosystem and growth components such as increasing plant height, wet and dry weight, and production, and are characterized by being biofilm producers, sometimes need advanced techniques to detect and to remove from the environment [6,7]. Pseudomonas putida is a negative Pseudomonas stutzeri found in soil and plants and is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections in immunocompromised hosts [8,9].…”

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“…Ye, et al [21] they designed unique method to increase the removal rate by using nano filtration membranes consisting of quaternized polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles, the technique summarized by using Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles (PEC NPs) with tunable quaternary ammonium groups to prepare quaternized polyelectrolyte complex membranes (QPECMs) for Nano filtration process via surface coating and glutaraldehyde cross linking method which lead to increase in both water permeability and enhanced ion selectivity of metal cations finally lead to increasing the percentage of heavy metals removal. Other techniques also can be used as removing solutions as explained in our previous article [22].…”