New technologies in catalysis using base metals

Abstract

Formation of C-C, C-N, and C-H bonds using three heterogeneous catalysts in the form of nickel-in-charcoal (Ni/C), nickel-on-graphite (Ni/Cg), and copper-in-charcoal (Cu/C) are described.

Heterogeneous catalysis with nickel-on-graphite (Ni/Cg)

“…Vinylalanes are viable coupling partners with various sp 2 Ni(0) to effect the equivalent process is not common and, to the best of our knowledge, cross-couplings of vinylalanes with aryl tosylates have not been described, let alone with a heterogeneous source of Ni(0). While admittedly only a single example has been demonstrated to date, a modified carboalumination of 1-octyne 16 was initially carried out in toluene (Scheme 12).…”

“…1 Oftentimes, these heterogeneous events can be greatly accelerated by the convenient use of microwave heating. 2 Although the extent of impregnation of metals (such as Ni) within a charcoal matrix benefits from ultrasonication of Ni(NO 3 ) 2 admixed with 100 mesh charcoal in water, 3 the loading phenomenon can be dependent upon the intricacies of charcoal itself. That is, there are many "flavors" of charcoal; indeed, books with titles such as Active Carbon contain an enormous reservoir of science on this allotrope.…”

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Highly Dispersed Carbon Supported Nickel Nanoparticles (Ni/C) With Renewable Carbon Source

“…[9] As a catalyst, Ni/C nanocomposite has benefit over the pure nickel nanoparticle because the support, carbon, minimizes the exposure of the nickel nanoparticles to the environment. [10] Generally, the nickel nanoparticles are synthesized by the reduction of the nickel salts or nickel oxide in the present of reducing gases or other reducing agents. [11][12][13] Herein a process of synthesizing nickel nanoparticles dispersed in carbon is described.…”