New theoretical and experimental approaches on maternal motivation in mammals

Olazábal, Daniel E.; Pereira, Mariana; Agrati, Daniella; Ferreira, Annabel; Fleming, Alison S.; González‐Mariscal, Gabriela; Lévy, Frédéric; Lucion, Aldo Bolten; Morrell, Joan I.; Numan, Michael; Uriarte, Natalia

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.003

Cited by 82 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…While language acquisition is a milestone of normative development, the specific language acquired is completely dependent on the context in which maturation occurs 44, 93 . Similar examples of this principle are found across many domains and include “programming” the dynamics of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, where early stress can alter the homeostatic balance of cortisol detection and release 11, 85 ; tuning of sensory and perceptual sensitivity, where discrimination of subtle elements becomes more or less sensitive with early life exposure 12, 41, 45 ; acquisition of parental behavior patterns, which are influenced by patterns of one’s own parental behavior 63 ; and even adoption of preferred characteristics for subsequent mate preferences 43 . Therefore for most neural circuits the final maturational outcome of depends completely on an interaction between genes and experience.…”

Section: Fig Onementioning

confidence: 81%

“…Indeed emotional reactions to opposite sex peers is the most common sources of positive affect in adolescence and is also a leading cause of negative affective responses including depression 62 . Finally, sensory stimuli related to infants evoke strong emotional responses among mammalian mothers, including humans, immediately after they give birth 63 . Although the postpartum period is not typically considered a developmental phase, the orchestrated shift in emotional responsiveness during this period is remarkably similar to other developmental shifts described above and so is included here.…”

Section: The Functional Role Of Emotion In Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growing pains and pleasures: how emotional learning guides development

Nelson

Lau

Jarcho

2014

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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SUMMARY The nervous system promotes adaptive responding to myriad environmental stimuli by ascribing emotion to specific stimulus domains. This affects the salience of different stimuli, facilitates learning, and likely involves the amygdala. Recent studies suggest a strong homology between adaptive responses that result from learning and those that emerge during development. As in motivated learning, developmental studies have found the salience of different classes of stimuli (eg peers) undergoes marked fluctuation across maturation and may involve differential amygdala engagement. We suggest that variability in amygdala response to different stimulus domains may play an active and functional role in shaping emerging cortical circuits across development by highlighting the importance of particular stimulus categories during sensitive periods of development.

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Section: Fig Onementioning

confidence: 81%

Section: The Functional Role Of Emotion In Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growing pains and pleasures: how emotional learning guides development

Nelson

Lau

Jarcho

2014

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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“…Conserved reward CNS circuitries underlie key life history traits, including sex and eating, and these CNS regions include: medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventral tegmental area (VTA), medial preoptic area (MPOA), and nucleus accumbens (NAC; Kelley and Berridge, 2002). Multiple studies indicate that maternal and social bonding are also regulated by these circuits (Insel, 2003; Numan and Insel, 2003; Burkett and Young, 2012; Olazábal et al, 2013). Among the evidence that mothering involves reward and incentive pathways is that these CNS regions show brain activation in response to offspring cues in humans (Lorberbaum et al, 2002; Bartels and Zeki, 2004; Noriuchi et al, 2008; Strathearn et al, 2008) and rodents (Febo et al, 2005; Ferris et al, 2005; Febo, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addiction and reward-related genes show altered expression in the postpartum nucleus accumbens

Zhao

Eisinger

Driessen

et al. 2014

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Motherhood involves a switch in natural rewards, whereby offspring become highly rewarding. Nucleus accumbens (NAC) is a key CNS region for natural rewards and addictions, but to date no study has evaluated on a large scale the events in NAC that underlie the maternal change in natural rewards. In this study we utilized microarray and bioinformatics approaches to evaluate postpartum NAC gene expression changes in mice. Modular Single-set Enrichment Test (MSET) indicated that postpartum (relative to virgin) NAC gene expression profile was significantly enriched for genes related to addiction and reward in five of five independently curated databases (e.g., Malacards, Phenopedia). Over 100 addiction/reward related genes were identified and these included: Per1, Per2, Arc, Homer2, Creb1, Grm3, Fosb, Gabrb3, Adra2a, Ntrk2, Cry1, Penk, Cartpt, Adcy1, Npy1r, Htr1a, Drd1a, Gria1, and Pdyn. ToppCluster analysis found maternal NAC expression profile to be significantly enriched for genes related to the drug action of nicotine, ketamine, and dronabinol. Pathway analysis indicated postpartum NAC as enriched for RNA processing, CNS development/differentiation, and transcriptional regulation. Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified possible networks for transcription factors, including Nr1d1, Per2, Fosb, Egr1, and Nr4a1. The postpartum state involves increased risk for mental health disorders and MSET analysis indicated postpartum NAC to be enriched for genes related to depression, bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia. Mental health related genes included: Fabp7, Grm3, Penk, and Nr1d1. We confirmed via quantitative PCR Nr1d1, Per2, Grm3, Penk, Drd1a, and Pdyn. This study indicates for the first time that postpartum NAC involves large scale gene expression alterations linked to addiction and reward. Because the postpartum state also involves decreased response to drugs, the findings could provide insights into how to mitigate addictions.

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“…The time and frequency of pup grooming and kyphosis also decreased in this group compared with those of the controls. This impairment in maternal care that was observed in LPS-treated dams may be a consequence of motivational changes in maternal care, in which pup retrieval and other maternal care behaviors are motivated behaviors [2,27] . The remarkable ability of postpartum females to successfully care for their developing offspring is subserved by a distributed neural network.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Acute Lipopolysaccharide Switches the Selection of Maternal Behavior to Predatory Behavior in Female Rats

Mendes-Lima

Kirsten²,

Felício³

et al. 2017

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Objectives: A common problem during the postpartum period and during lactation is being affected by infection due to Gram-negative bacteria. In this situation, a sick mother needs to choose between caring for her pups or the need for survival. This study analyzed the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behavior on selection between maternal behavior (MB) and predatory behavior (PB) in lactating rats. To assess the LPS-induced sickness behavior, the plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured. Methods: Lactating rats received 100 µg/kg LPS or saline solution on day 5 or 6 of lactation, 2 h before testing. Five pups and 5 cockroaches were introduced to the experimental cage at the same time and maternal and PB were observed for 30 min. The MB was measured by the pup contact, grouping, grooming, and kyphosis and the PB by contacting, eating, and foraging insects. General maternal activity was also observed, including exploration, self-grooming, and immobility. Immediately after the observations, blood was collected to measure the plasma TNF-α levels. Results: LPS administration reduced the time and frequency of pup contact, grouping, grooming, and kyphosis, with an increase in the latency to first pup contact and grouping. With regard to PB, the time of foraging and eating insects increased, and the latencies to first insect contact, eating insects, and foraging decreased. With regard to general maternal activity, immobility time and TNF-α levels increased in the LPS-treated group. Conclusions: LPS exposure switched MB to PB, prioritizing maternal survival. Thus, in more favorable situations, these rats may have new offspring and therefore her species would survive for long.

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New theoretical and experimental approaches on maternal motivation in mammals

Cited by 82 publications

References 127 publications

Growing pains and pleasures: how emotional learning guides development

Growing pains and pleasures: how emotional learning guides development

Addiction and reward-related genes show altered expression in the postpartum nucleus accumbens

Acute Lipopolysaccharide Switches the Selection of Maternal Behavior to Predatory Behavior in Female Rats

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