New type forest damage to mediterranean vegetation in Southern Sardinian forests (Italy)

Bussotti, Filippo; Ferretti, Marco; Cenni, E.; Gellini, R.; Clauser, Fabio; Grossoni, Paolo; Barbolani, E.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1991.tb00906.x

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The pathogenicity of P. cinnamomi to the various Mediterranean oak species, and to some Mediterranean maquis trees and shrubs also exhibiting symptoms of decline (c.f. Bussotti et al, 1991) now needs to be tested or confirmed, and its degree of association with decline and interaction with other site factors subject to detailed study. By analogy, P. cinnamomi may also be associated with the current rapid mortality of Q. suber, Q. cerris and other Quercus spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline

1993

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Rapid and sometimes extensive mortality and decline of oak, principally Quercus suber and Q. ilex, has occurred in parts of southern Spain and Portugal in recent decades. We report here isolation of the aggressive root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi from roots of diseased oaks or from soil at eleven out of thirteen decline foci examined. It is proposed that the introduction and spread of 7*. cinnamomim&y be a major factor in the Iberian oak decline, interacting with drought and other site factors, and leading to stress-related attacks by insects and other fungi. By analogy, it may also be involved in the similar oak declines occurring elsewhere on the Mediterranean.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline

1993

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“…On both older plants and damaged plants, weathering caused the coalescence of the waxy fibrils above the stomata, and ultimately the stomatal plug was lost (Grieve and Pitman 1978). Degraded waxes and stomata ''filled up with melted wax'' of Quercus ilex were also reported (Bussotti et al 1991). In Pinus needles, sea salt and surfactant deposition led to changes in water content and midday water potential, indicating interference in water relations (Nicolotti et al 2005).…”

Section: Particles As Desiccantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Burkhardt

2010

Ecological Monographs

212

165

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Aerosols have always been part of the atmosphere, and plant surfaces are a major aerosol sink. Given the nutrient content of aerosols and the natural stability of aerosol concentrations over evolutionary time, plants may have developed adaptations to aerosol input. Although little is known about such adaptations, leaf surface micro‐roughness appears to play a key role. This review focuses on the deposition and fate of fine aerosols that are less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Most of these aerosols are hygroscopic, and they are often deliquescent (liquid) on transpiring leaves. Such concentrated solutions may be taken up by both the cuticle and stomata, contradicting previous concepts. The establishment of a continuous liquid water connection along stomatal walls affects individual stomata and is a new concept called “hydraulic activation of stomata” (HAS). HAS enables the efficient bidirectional transport of water and solutes between the leaf interior and leaf surface and makes stomatal transpiration partly independent of stomatal aperture. The response of plants to changes in humidity can be explained by the split transpiration in an HAS pore and its interaction with neighboring stomata, i.e., as an emergent property of a stomatal patch. Normally, HAS affects only a few stomata, but if too many are activated by excessive particle accumulation or additional surfactants, hygroscopic particles may work as “desiccants,” reducing the drought tolerance of plants. This is made use of when hygroscopic salts and acids are sprayed to kill potato vine, but may cause problems in foliar fertilization. Excessive particle accumulation may also be caused by air pollution. It is hypothesized that deliquescent hygroscopic particles, due to their amorphous appearance, may have been misinterpreted as “degraded waxes.” Degraded waxes have been highly correlated to leaf loss, decreased drought tolerance, and decreased frost tolerance of trees. No sound explanation for degraded waxes has been found, and they have been interpreted as symptoms of forest decline. Because hygroscopic particles may affect the drought tolerance of trees, they could be drivers of regional tree die‐off and especially affect those trees that have adapted to capture aerosols. Several research questions are identified.

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“…Wax structure has been used as a phytopathological bioindication. The effect of rain and wind on structural wax degradation appears to be enhanced at polluted sites where dust, soot and/or salts are present (BUSSOTTI et al 1991). The correlation between structural wax degradation and the amount of needles on the trees (GRILL et al 1987), or with needle discolouration (HASEMANN et al 1990) may either parallel needle water-content (BADOT and GARREG 1990) or may refiect environmental exposure (GAPE et al 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Effects on Norway Spruce Needle Wax

Günthardt‐Goerg

Keller

Matyssek

et al. 1994

European Journal of Forest Pathology

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In spring, tubular wax structures were observed on the needle surfaces of new Norway spruce needles and also on previous-year needles. In young plants, as in mature trees, the fusing and eroding of the wax tubes on needles of increasing age had taken place in relation to their exposure, particularly to wind and precipitation. The quantity of needle wax and certain fractions of the extracted wax differed in mature trees at two field sites and in young clonal plants. No difference in wax quantity and only small differences in wax composition occurred among young plants which had undergone different treatments (fumigation with O3, SO,, ambient air, filtered air, or planting at the sites). Environmental effects on wax structure, wax quantity and the presence of certain compounds in the wax were identified.

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New type forest damage to mediterranean vegetation in Southern Sardinian forests (Italy)

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Evidence for Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline

Evidence for Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Environmental Effects on Norway Spruce Needle Wax

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