Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Kuiken, Thijs; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Schutten, Martin; Rimmelzwaan, Guus F.; Amerongen, Geert van; Riel, Debby van; Laman, Jon D.; Jong, Ton de; Doornum, Gerard van; Lim, Wilina; Ling, Ai Ee; Chan, Paul K.S.; Tam, John S.; Zambon, Maria; Gopal, Robin; Drosten, Christian; Werf, Sylvie van der; Escriou, Nicolas; Manuguerra, Jean Claude; Stöhr, Klaus; Peiris, J S Malik; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13967-0

Cited by 981 publications

(848 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…This level of detection was similar to that in the same group's retrospective analysis of 50 cases, where all 32 patients with acute-and convalescent-phase sera demonstrated seroconversion or fourfold rises in SARS-CoV-specific antibody levels by IFA; 280 control sera were negative (8). SARS-CoVspecific antibodies have been detected by IFA in 94% (264 of 282) of SARS cases in combined series (4). Seroconversion has usually occurred by 21 days, with IFA antibodies detected earlier by IFA than by ELISA (3,8).…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SARSCoV RT-PCR has only a modest sensitivity of approximately 30% on a single respiratory sample collected early in the illness (8), although its sensitivity improves if serial samples are collected in the first 2 weeks, since maximal viral shedding occurs 7 to 10 days after onset (4,8). The most reliable laboratory test for the confirmation of SARS is detection of SARS-CoVspecific antibodies (4,8). In Hong Kong, a prospective study of 75 SARS cases demonstrated SARS-CoV IgG seroconversion in 70 (93%) cases by use of an in-house indirect IFA with acetone-fixed SARS-CoV-infected Vero cells, with antibodies detectable at a mean of 20 days (range, 11 to 28) after onset (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus-Specific Antibodies in 271 Laboratory-Confirmed Cases of SARS

Zhang

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2004

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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The sensitivities and specificities of an immunofluorescence assay and an enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were compared for 148 laboratory-confirmed SARS cases. The appearance and persistence of SARS-CoV-specific antibodies were assessed, with immunoglobulin G detected in 59% of samples collected within 14 days and persisting for 60 to 95 days after the onset of illness. (2-4, 7, 9, 10), although data on the performance of various antibody detection assays and the persistence of SARS-CoV-specific antibodies are lacking.The first aim of this study was to compare the sensitivities and specificities of a commercial immunofluorescence assay (IFA; Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany) and a recombinant double-nucleocapsid antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Company, Ltd., Beijing, China) for SARS-CoV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM in patients for whom SARS-CoV RNA had been detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The second aim was to assess the timing of the appearance and persistence of SARS-CoV-specific antibodies after the onset of disease.Three hundred four patients fitting the SARS clinical case definition (fever of 38°C or higher, cough or shortness of breath, new pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiography, and close contact with a person with a suspected or probable case) were hospitalized at Ditan Hospital, Beijing, China, between 26 March and 31 May 2003. Probable cases were regarded as laboratory confirmed if SARS-CoV-specific IgG and/or IgM was detected by IFA within 3 weeks of the onset of illness and/or SARS-CoV RNA was detected by RT-PCR within 2 weeks. SARS-CoV infection was laboratory confirmed in 271 of 304 (89.1%) cases, with 33 individuals testing SARS-CoV negative (10.9%; 27 of these had alternative laboratory diagnoses). The mean age of the 271 individuals with laboratoryconfirmed cases was 36 Ϯ 16 years, and they included 92 (33.9%) health care workers and 32 patients with significant underlying illnesses. SARS acquisition in the hospital setting, in either health care workers, inpatients, or hospital visitors, occurred in 112 (41.3%) cases, and a further 62 individuals acquired SARS following exposure at home to family members or friends with hospital-acquired infections. The clinical features were similar to those reported elsewhere (data not shown) (1,3,5,10,11).Comparison of IFA and ELISA for detection of SARS-CoVspecific IgG and IgM. Testing was performed for 148 patients for whom SARS-CoV was detected in respiratory or fecal samples by RT-PCR. SARS-CoV IgM was detected for 117 (79%) people and SARS-CoV IgG was detected for 145 (98%) people by IFA, while IgM was detected for 133 (90%) people and IgG was detected for 120 (82%) people by ELISA. Controls included 105 asymptomatic close contacts of individuals with SARS cases (medical workers) and 90 individuals with chronic hepatitis B (30 cases), hepatitis C (30 cases), or human immunodef...

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supporting

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus-Specific Antibodies in 271 Laboratory-Confirmed Cases of SARS

Zhang

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2004

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…The recent discovery of a coronavirus causing SARS in humans (7,8,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) prompted us to analyze the as-yetundefined HCoV from The Netherlands (HCoV-NL) further. Using arbitrarily primed RT-PCR (4, 9, 10) and RT-PCR with primers specific for the coronavirus family (7,8), cDNA fragments were generated and sequenced.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans

Fouchier

Hartwig

Bestebroer

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

528

498

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The etiology of acute respiratory tract illnesses is sometimes unclear due to limitations of diagnostic tests or the existence of as-yet-unidentified pathogens. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a not previously recognized coronavirus obtained from an 8-mo-old boy suffering from pneumonia. This coronavirus replicated efficiently in tertiary monkey kidney cells and Vero cells, in contrast to human coronaviruses (HCoV) 229E and OC43. The entire cDNA genome sequence of the previously undescribed coronavirus was determined, revealing that it is most closely related to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and HCoV 229E. The maximum amino acid sequence identity between ORFs of the newly discovered coronavirus and related group 1 coronaviruses ranged from 43% to 67%. Real-time RT-PCR assays were designed to test for the prevalence of the previously undescribed coronavirus in humans. Using these tests, the virus was detected in four of 139 individuals (3%) who were suffering from respiratory illness with unknown etiology. All four patients suffered from fever, runny nose, and dry cough, and all four had underlying or additional morbidity. Our data will enable the development of diagnostic tests to study the prevalence and clinical impact of this virus in humans in more detail. Moreover, it will be important to discriminate this previously undescribed coronavirus from HCoV 229E and OC43 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

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“…Before the epidemic ended, 8,098 probable cases of SARS and 774 associated deaths were reported to the World Health Organization (www.cdc.gov͞mmwr͞mguide sars.html). The etiologic agent of SARS was identified as a coronavirus (CoV) (1)(2)(3)(4) and the genome sequence established it as a new member of the family (5,6). Closely related CoVs were recovered from civet cats and other animals in southern China, although the source of human SARS infections is uncertain (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice

Bisht

Roberts

Vogel

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

403

443

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Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Abstract: Replication in SARS-CoV-infected macaques of pneumonia similar to that in human beings with SARS, combined with the high prevalence of SARS-CoV infection in SARS patients, fulfill the criteria required to prove that SARS-CoV is the primary cause of SARS.

Cited by 981 publications

References 21 publications

Kinetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus-Specific Antibodies in 271 Laboratory-Confirmed Cases of SARS

Kinetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus-Specific Antibodies in 271 Laboratory-Confirmed Cases of SARS

A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice

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