Next-generation development and application of codon model in evolution

Abstract

To date, numerous nucleotide, amino acid, and codon substitution models have been developed to estimate the evolutionary history of any sequence/organism in a more comprehensive way. Out of these three, the codon substitution model is the most powerful. These models have been utilized extensively to detect selective pressure on a protein, codon usage bias, ancestral reconstruction and phylogenetic reconstruction. However, due to more computational demanding, in comparison to nucleotide and amino acid substitution models, only a few studies have employed the codon substitution model to understand the heterogeneity of the evolutionary process in a genome-scale analysis. Hence, there is always a question of how to develop more robust but less computationally demanding codon substitution models to get more accurate results. In this review article, the authors attempted to understand the basis of the development of different types of codon-substitution models and how this information can be utilized to develop more robust but less computationally demanding codon substitution models. The codon substitution model enables to detect selection regime under which any gene or gene region is evolving, codon usage bias in any organism or tissue-specific region and phylogenetic relationship between different lineages more accurately than nucleotide and amino acid substitution models. Thus, in the near future, these codon models can be utilized in the field of conservation, breeding and medicine.

Architecture and Development Framework for a Web-Based Risk Assessment and Management Platform Developed on WordPress to Address Opioid Overdose

“…Security and performance of the software are limited to the WordPress development framework. Although many successful and secure applications are developed on the same CMS platform, there is news about possible security exploitations of the websites developed on WordPress such as being infected by malwares, backdoors, or being hacked [ 23 , 24 ]. The RAMP development team has attempted to use security best practices such as using a secure host and server, security protocols, reCAPTCHA, reducing log-in attempts, disabling XML RPC, and many more features to create a safe and secure environment for the users.…”