Nickel in tap water in Warsaw

Immunotherapy of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

“…In such cases, the calculated equivalents of pure nickel should be additionally divided by 1.73 in order to determine the real doses of nickel. ‡ Nickel content in one glass of tap water ranges from 40 to >800 ng[119][120][121], while average dietary uptake of nickel ranges from 150,000 to 900,000 ng/day[122]. § The authors diagnosed SNAS in patients with history of ACD to nickel combined with cutaneous (urticaria or eczema developing in areas not exposed to immediate contact with nickel) and gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn, meteorism, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation) and/or respiratory symptoms with beneficial effects of a nickel-free diet, a positive patch test to nickel and positivity of a double-blind placebo-controlled oral nickel challenge[77,123].ACD: Allergic contact dermatitis; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell; SNAS: Systemic nickel allergy syndrome.Review Spiewak in 'Episode One'.…”