Nicotine Poisoning by Absorption Through the Skin

Faulkner, James M.

doi:10.1001/jama.1933.02740210012005

Cited by 47 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Many investigators reported that the absorption of nicotine takes place through dermal route among tobacco harvesters as a consequence of occupational contact with tobacco leaves [33][34][35][36]. The levels of nicotine and cotinine in their urine samples collected after the work shift were reported in Table 4.…”

Section: Application Of Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of nicotine and cotinine in tobacco harvesters’ urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography

Doctor

Gokani

Kulkarni

et al. 2004

Journal of Chromatography B

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Section: Application Of Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of nicotine and cotinine in tobacco harvesters’ urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography

Doctor

Gokani

Kulkarni

et al. 2004

Journal of Chromatography B

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“…Faulkner [22] reported severe sys temic toxicity after percutaneous absorption of 40% nicotine solution. Absorption in this case occurred through buttock skin and, al though producing a syndrome of systemic toxic effects, did not present any localized manifestations.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Nicotinementioning

confidence: 99%

The Local Side Effects of Transdermally Absorbed Nicotine

Smith

Smith²,

Maibach³

et al. 1992

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Percutaneous nicotine administration induces predominant sudorific and rubiform responses in the skin which may be accompanied by subtle piloerection, hyperalgesia and pruritus (although these signs are not overtly manifest). These dermal responses are complex and mechanisms have been proposed for the direct nicotine-stimulation of sweat glands, piloerection and vasoconstriction. These reactions are accompanied by secondary activation and release of vasodilator peptides which produce a predominating vasodilator tone following topical administration, this response masking the direct axon reflex-mediated vasoconstriction.

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“…a simple formulation was manufactured). Even though flying ointment was known and it was recognised that nitroglycerin induced headaches in armament workers by the late 1800s and also that nicotine could cause death as a result of skin penetration, the skin was largely regarded as an impermeable barrier (Laws, 1910;Faulkner, 1933;Rothman, 1943). Before steroids, very little was known about the role of the formulation and how delivery through the skin could be markedly affected by simple changes to the formulation.…”

Section: Introduction -The Watershedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced topical formulations (ATF)

Hadgraft¹,

Lane²

2016

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Topical formulations aim to target the skin for a variety of cosmetic, protective or therapeutic needs. Despite the use of creams and ointments over the millennia, the bioavailability of actives from topical preparations remains quite low, often not exceeding 1-2% of the applied dose. In this review we examine the reasons underlying the poor performance of topical preparations. We also outline a rational approach, based on Fick's laws of diffusion, to develop advanced topical formulations. Methodologies which are currently used in research and development are critically examined and the importance of understanding the fate of the vehicle as well as the active is emphasised. Advanced topical formulation development will also be facilitated by emerging and sophisticated analytical techniques that are able to probe real time delivery of actives to the skin. A good understanding of the underlying physical chemistry of both the formulation and the skin is crucial in the development of optimised topical products.

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Nicotine Poisoning by Absorption Through the Skin

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Determination of nicotine and cotinine in tobacco harvesters’ urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography

Determination of nicotine and cotinine in tobacco harvesters’ urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography

The Local Side Effects of Transdermally Absorbed Nicotine

Advanced topical formulations (ATF)

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