Nitrification Inhibitors: New Tools for Food Production

Huber, D. M.; Warren, H. L.; Nelson, D. W.; Tsai, Chung‐Jung

doi:10.2307/1297812

Cited by 108 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…O N pode ser encontrado, principalmente, nas formas de nitrato e amônio na solução do solo; porém, na maioria dos solos cultivados, em particular na zona tropical, o nitrato é a principal forma de aquisição de N pelas plantas (MARSCHNER, 1995). Nas condições em que haja inibição da nitrificação e, ou, o nitrato esteja em processo de intensa lixiviação, ao contrário do amônio que é retido com mais facilidade pelas partículas do solo, é possível constatar ambas as formas presentes na solução do solo (HUBER et al, 1977;GASSER, 1961;FREDEEN e FIELD, 1992). Adicionalmente, a utilização das técnicas de fertirrigação pode disponibilizar tanto o N na forma de nitrato quanto na forma de amônio em curtos intervalos de tempo, reduzindo, assim, a transformação do nitrogênio pelos microrganismos do solo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Efeito do nitrato e amônio sobre o crescimento e eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio em mandioca

2006

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RESUMODesenvolveu-se o presente estudo visando-se avaliar o efeito da fonte nitrogenada sobre o acúmulo de matéria seca e a absorção, distribuição e utilização de nitrogênio em mandioca. Para a instalação do experimento utilizou-se a variedade Cigana preta, cultivada em solução nutritiva e em vasos com capacidade para 11,0 L. O nível de nitrogênio na solução foi de 12 mol m -3 e os tratamentos consistiram de cinco proporções de NO 3 -:NH 4 + , conforme segue: 12:0, 9:3, 6:6, 3:9 e 0:12 mol m -3 . No encerramento do experimento, que ocorreu 90 dias após o plantio, verificou-se que as menores quantidades de massa seca total foram obtidas para as plantas cultivadas tendo apenas nitrato ou amônio como fonte de nitrogênio. Nesse aspecto, o amônio foi mais prejudicial ao crescimento do que a fonte nítrica. A concentração de NH 4 + livre no tecido vegetal foi maior para as raízes de absorção, seguida pelas folhas e raízes de armazenamento. A eficiência de absorção de nitrogênio foi maior para as plantas cultivadas sob as maiores proporções de NH 4 + . Os resultados evidenciaram que a cultura da mandioca cresce melhor quando ocorrer na solução de crescimento uma mistura de NO 3 -e NH 4 + , principalmente nas proporções de 9:3 e 6:6 mol m -3 .Palavras-chaves: massa seca, área foliar, raízes de armazenamento, relação raiz:parte aérea, eficiência no uso de nitrogênio. ABSTRACT EFFECT OF NITRATE AND AMMONIUM ON GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN USE BY CASSAVA PLANTSThis study was carried out to evaluate the effect of nitrogen source on dry mass accumulation and absorption, distribution and also use of nitrogen by cassava plants. Cigana Preta cultivar plants were grown in nutrient solutions set up in 11.0 L containers. Nitrogen concentration in solutions was 12 mol m -3 . Treatments included five combinations of NO 3 -:NH 4 + , that is, 12:0, 9:3, 6:6, 3:9 and 0:12 mol m -3 . Aftert 90 days the dry mass was determined. The lowest total dry mass values were obtained for plants grown with just nitrate or ammonium as nitrogen source. In this sence, ammonium affected growth more than the nitric source. The concentration of free NH 4 + was higher for absorption in roots, followed by leaves and storage roots. The efficiency of nitrogen absorption was higher for plants cultivated under highest proportions of NH 4 + . The results showed that cassava plants grow more when growth solution contains a mixture of NO 3 -and NH 4 + , especially at the proportions of 9:3 and 6:6 mol m -3 .

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Efeito do nitrato e amônio sobre o crescimento e eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio em mandioca

2006

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“…Tillage of fallowed or previously uncultivated soils has been shown to increase soil organic nitrogen mineralization (Schirnel 1986), nitrification, and subsequent nitrate leaching (Huber et al 1977). Irrigation can have similar effects on soil nitrogen dynamics (Myers et al 1982;Pratt 1984).…”

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confidence: 99%

Phosphorus regulation of nitrogen fixation in a traditional Mexican agroecosystem

Crews

1993

Biogeochemistry

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Abstract. Although nitrogen is considered to be the nutrient that most commonly limits production of natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems, I propose that phosphorus may regulate productivity in many continuously cultivated agroecosystems that do not receive applications of synthetic fertilizers. One way P may limit agroecosystem productivity is by controlling nitrogen fixation of legume crops, thus affecting nitrogen availability in the overall agroecosystem. I tested this hypothesis in two studies by examining the effect of phosphorus nutrition on nitrogen fixation of alfalfa in traditional Mexican agroecosystems. All farms used in the research relied on alfalfa as the primary nitrogen source for maize cultivation and other crops, and had minimal or no reliance on synthetic fertilizers.In one study, I used the natural abundance of 15N to estimate nitrogen fixation in five alfalfa plots with soils representing a wide range of P fertility. I found a correlation of r = 0.85 between foliage P concentrations and nitrogen fixation in the alfalfa plots. Mean nitrogen fixation in alfalfa plots ranged between 232-555 kg ha-' yr-' as estimated by the 15N-natural abundance method.In a second study, I sampled soils from alfalfa plots on traditional farms located in 5 different physiographic regions of Mexico. Half of each soil sample was augmented with phosphorus in a greenhouse experiment. I grew alfalfa on the fertilized and unfertilized soils from each site and then determined nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of the Rhizobium on the plant roots. Nitrogenase activity increased in the alfalfa grown on all soils with added phosphorus, with two of the five differences being statistically significant at P < 0.01, and one at P < 0.05. Foliage P concentrations and nitrogenase activity were positively correlated (r = 0.8 1, P < 0.01).

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“…The increase in photosynthetic efficiency, and the translocation of nitrogenous compounds and sucrose into the kernel sink for photosynthates, should further promote the synthesis of starch and thereby increase yield. Since nitrate, unlike ammonia, may accumulate without assimilation (18) be made available for assimilation (8). It seems that the effectiveness of the ammonium ion in enhancing sucrose movement is facilitated by the rapid assimilation of ammonia by roots and the resultant deposition of amides and amino acids in some tissue.…”

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A Proposed Role of Zein and Glutelin as N Sinks in Maize

Tsai

Huber²,

Warren³

1980

Plant Physiol.

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Zea mays grown with high levels of N fertilizer transports more sucrose into kernels than with low N. Sucrose translocation was greatest in genotypes with the highest capacity to deposit nitrogenous compounds as zein and glutelin in the kernel. These two proteins combined contain about 80% of the total N in the kernel and about 60% of the total N in the plant at maturity. They appear to serve as a functional N sink for the deposition of nitrogenous compounds. As the N sink capacity increases with additional available N fertilizer, more sucrose is transported into the kernel, resulting in increased kernel weight and grain yield. Zein functions as a more dynamic N sink than glutelin because the synthesis of zein is readily manipulated by N fertilization and genetic means. Increases in N deposition in the normal endosperm induced by N fertilizer are confined primarily to zein. Early termination of zein accumulation in the opaque-2 mutant results in a reduction of sucrose movement into kernels. By using plants heterozygous for normal and opaque-2 in these studies, interplant variability was eliminated and the hypothesis relating the kernel N sink capacity to productivity was strengthened.Our previous studies (21) have suggested that zein and glutelin serve as a N sink in maize (Zea mays L.) kernels to regulate the movement of photosynthates into kernels. Although both ammonium and nitrate ions can be taken up by maize roots, the assimilation of ammonia and its subsequent organic N interconversions require readily available organic acids, e.g. a-ketoglutaric acid (12), which are derived from sucrose. In response to high concentrations of ammonia, a greater amount of sucrose is translocated from leaves to provide energy and essential carbon skeletons for ammonia assimilation and organic N interconversions (25). Concurrently, the movement of sucrose to N-rich tissues may enhance CO2 fixation in leaves (13). The increase in photosynthetic efficiency, and the translocation of nitrogenous compounds and sucrose into the kernel sink for photosynthates, should further promote the synthesis of starch and thereby increase yield. Since nitrate, unlike ammonia, may accumulate without assimilation (18) be made available for assimilation (8). It seems that the effectiveness of the ammonium ion in enhancing sucrose movement is facilitated by the rapid assimilation of ammonia by roots and the resultant deposition of amides and amino acids in some tissue. These nitrogenous compounds are stored temporarily in the stalk and leaves during the period of vegetative growth. About 60% of the final N in maize kernels is present in the vegetative tissues at pollination; the remaining 40% is obtained from the soil subsequently (7). As the endosperm develops, the proteins in vegetative tissues are turned over, and the amino acids and newly assimilated N are transported into the kernel (2, 6). We propose that zein and glutelin function as N sinks for the deposition of these nitrogenous compounds to facilitate the movement of photosynthat...

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Nitrification Inhibitors: New Tools for Food Production

Cited by 108 publications

References 28 publications

Efeito do nitrato e amônio sobre o crescimento e eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio em mandioca

Efeito do nitrato e amônio sobre o crescimento e eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio em mandioca

Phosphorus regulation of nitrogen fixation in a traditional Mexican agroecosystem

A Proposed Role of Zein and Glutelin as N Sinks in Maize

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