Nitro-PAHs and PAHs in Atmospheric Particulate Matters and Sea Sediments in Hiroshima Bay Area, Japan

Ozaki, Noriatsu; Takemoto, Nobuya; Kindaichi, Tomonori

doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0134-5

Cited by 38 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Several studies have reported NPAH concentrations in the low nanogram per gram range in both freshwater and marine sediments around the world [51,52], including our measurements in southern Lake Michigan sediments [49]. However, information regarding NPAH concentrations in aquatic biota is scarce.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAHs, nitro‐PAHs, hopanes, and steranes in lake trout from Lake Michigan

Huang

Chernyak

Batterman

2014

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The present study examines concentrations and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), steranes, and hopanes in lake trout collected in Lake Michigan. A total of 74 fish were collected in 2 seasons at 3 offshore sites. The total PAH concentration (Σ9PAH) in whole fish ranged from 223 pg/g to 1704 pg/g wet weight, and PAH concentrations and profiles were similar across season, site, and sex. The total NPAH (Σ9NPAH) concentrations ranged from 0.2 pg/g to 31 pg/g wet weight, and carcinogenic compounds, including 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene, were detected. In the fall, NPAH concentrations were low at the Illinois site (0.2–0.5 pg/g wet wt), and site profiles differed considerably; in the spring, concentrations and profiles were similar across sites, possibly reflecting changes in fish behavior. In the fall, the total sterane (Σ5Sterane) and total hopane (Σ2Hopane) levels reached 808 pg/g and 141 pg/g wet weight, respectively, but concentrations in the spring were 10 times lower. Concentrations in eggs (fall only) were on the same order of magnitude as those in whole fish. These results demonstrate the presence of target semivolatile organic compounds in a top predator fish, and are consistent with PAH biodilution observed previously. Using the available toxicity information for PAHs and NPAHs, the expected cancer risk from consumption of lake trout sampled are low. However, NPAHs contributed a significant portion of the toxic equivalencies in some samples. The present study provides the first measurements of NPAHs in freshwater fish, and results suggest that additional assessment is warranted.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAHs, nitro‐PAHs, hopanes, and steranes in lake trout from Lake Michigan

Huang

Chernyak

Batterman

2014

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…As derivatives of PAHs, NPAHs have been found in similar environmental compartments as PAHs (Ozaki et al, 2010; Perrini et al, 2005). They result from direct emissions from combustion sources as well as atmospheric transformations of PAHs (Perrini et al, 2005; Yaffe et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They result from direct emissions from combustion sources as well as atmospheric transformations of PAHs (Perrini et al, 2005; Yaffe et al, 2001). Airborne NPAHs also can enter aquatic environments through atmospheric deposition and urban runoff (Ozaki et al, 2010). Although concentrations are far lower than levels of parent PAHs (Albinet et al, 2007; Khalek et al, 2011; Ozaki et al, 2010), NPAHs can have stronger carcinogenic and mutagenic activity (Schantz et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Airborne NPAHs also can enter aquatic environments through atmospheric deposition and urban runoff (Ozaki et al, 2010). Although concentrations are far lower than levels of parent PAHs (Albinet et al, 2007; Khalek et al, 2011; Ozaki et al, 2010), NPAHs can have stronger carcinogenic and mutagenic activity (Schantz et al, 2001). Several NPAHs are direct-acting mutagens, e.g., dinitropyrene in diesel particulate matter (Perrini et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), nitro-PAHs, and hopane and sterane biomarkers in sediments of southern Lake Michigan, USA

Huang

Chernyak

Batterman

2014

Science of The Total Environment

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PAHs in the Great Lakes basin are of concern due to their toxicity and persistence in bottom sediments. Their nitro derivatives, nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), which can have stronger carcinogenic and mutagenic activity than parent PAHs, may follow similar transport routes and also are accumulated in sediments. Limited information exists regarding the current distribution, trends and loadings of these compounds, especially NPAHs, in Lake Michigan sediments. This study characterizes PAHs, NPAHs, and biomarkers steranes and hopanes in surface sediments collected at 24 offshore sites in southern Lake Michigan. The ΣPAH14 (sum of 14 compounds) ranged from 213 to 1291 ng/g dry weight (dw) across the sites, levels that are 2 to 10 times lower than those reported 20 to 30 years earlier. Compared to consensus-based sediment quality guidelines, PAH concentrations suggest very low risk to benthic organisms. The ΣNPAH5 concentration ranged from 2.9 to 18.6 ng/g dw, and included carcinogenic compounds 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene. ΣSterane6 and ΣHopane5 concentrations ranged from 6.2 to 36 and 98 to 355 ng/g dw, respectively. Based on these concentrations, Lake Michigan is approximately receiving 11, 0.16, 0.25 and 3.6 metric tons per year (t/yr) of ΣPAH14, ΣNPAH5, ΣSterane6 and ΣHopane5, respectively. Maps of OC-adjusted concentrations display that concentrations decline with increasing off-shore distance. The major sources of PAHs and NPAHs are pyrogenic in nature, based on diagnostic ratios. Using chemical mass balance models, sources were apportioned to emissions from diesel engines (56±18%), coal power plants (27±14%), coal-tar pavement sealants (16±11%), and coke ovens (7±12%). The biomarkers identify a combination of petrogenic and biogenic sources, with the southern end of the lake more impacted by petroleum. This first report of NPAHs levels in sediments of Lake Michigan reveals several carcinogenic compounds at modest concentrations, and a need for further work to assess potential risks to aquatic organisms.

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“…Some nitro-PAHs have shown to be more mutagenic and carcinogenic than unsubstituted PAHs (Durant et al, 1996;Lewtas et al, 1990), and could be a significant fraction of direct-acting mutagenic compounds in the atmosphere (Kawanaka et al, 2008;Ozaki et al, 2010). Oxy-PAHs such as polycyclic aromatic quinones have been found to generate reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress that can lead to allergic diseases (Chung et al, 2007;Sklorz et al, 2007), and polycyclic aromatic ketones, quinones and anhydrides are well known mutagenic compounds (Durant et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%