“…Mean daily temperature of the coldest month (January) is -5Á4 C, and that of the warmest month (July) is 20Á9 C. Mean annual precipitation is 847 mm (Environment Canada, 2006a). Soils in this habitat are poorly developed from lacustrine sand parent materials (>97 % sand), are well drained and have low silt and clay content, low organic matter (<2 %), low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, neutral pH and high calcium carbonate content (VandenBygaart and Protz, 1995;Maun and Sun, 2002). An experimental site was established on the gentle windward slope of the second dune ridge, and it was fenced to exclude park visitors.…”