Nitrogen-based copolymers as wax dispersants for paraffinic gas oils

El‐Gamal, I. M.; Khidr, T. T.; Ghuiba, F.M.

doi:10.1016/s0016-2361(98)80027-6

Cited by 55 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Porém, foi verificado que um aditivo pode ser eficiente para a redução do ponto de fluidez e não apresentar bons resultados sobre o ponto de névoa. 30,31 Os aditivos disponíveis no mercado são obtidos a partir do petróleo e, embora apresentem bons resultados, são necessárias grandes quantidades para alcançar o objetivo desejado, cerca de 1000 a 2000 ppm, tornando seu uso inviável. 21 A busca por energias mais limpas, renováveis e economicamente viáveis tem incentivado o uso de compostos oxigenados por melhorarem notavelmente o processo de combustão e, portanto, o desempenho do motor.…”

Section: Aditivosunclassified

Reutilization of Glycerol Derived from Biodiesel Production Using HPW-Based Catalysts Supported on Niobium for Obtention of Additives

Lacerda¹,

Souza²,

Essayem³

et al. 2014

Revista Virtual De Química

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Abstract:This review proposes the use of residual glycerol, generated in biodiesel production, as raw material for production of oxygenate additive to biofuel. Oxygenated additives, such as glycerol ethers, increase the value of fuel mixture and engine performance. This represents a new methodology in line with the green chemistry principles. The etherification reaction, responsible for the additives production (glycerol ethers), can be effected by the heterogeneous acid catalysts application due to their specificities, like the possibility of reusing, greater strength and higher acidity. It was found that the Keggin heteropolyacids (HPW) supported on niobia have a potential that can be exploited for further industrial application.Keywords: Oxygenate additive; biodiesel; acid catalyst; glycerol. ResumoEsta revisão propõe a utilização do glicerol residual, gerado no processo de produção de biodiesel, como matéria prima para a produção de aditivo oxigenado para o próprio biocombustível, que representa uma metodologia inovadora alinhada com o princípio da química verde. Aditivos oxigenados, como os éteres de glicerol, aumentam o valor agregado de misturas combustíveis e o desempenho de motores. A reação de eterificação, responsável pela produção dos aditivos (éteres de glicerol), pode ser efetivada pela aplicação de catalisadores heterogêneos ácidos devido as suas especificidades com relação à possibilidade de reutilização, maior resistência mecânica e maior acidez relativa. Após este levantamento, verificou-se que os heteropoliácidos do tipo Keggin (HPA), suportados em nióbia, apresentam potencialidades que podem ser exploradas para uma futura aplicação industrial deste catalisador.Palavras-chave: Aditivo oxigenado; biodiesel; catalisador ácido; glicerol.

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Section: Aditivosunclassified

Reutilization of Glycerol Derived from Biodiesel Production Using HPW-Based Catalysts Supported on Niobium for Obtention of Additives

Lacerda¹,

Souza²,

Essayem³

et al. 2014

Revista Virtual De Química

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“…For evaluation of the improved operability of the treated fuel oils, determination of pour point test is the most widely adopted method. Photoanalysis is used also as a fast and simple supplementary screening tool confirming other laboratory test for evaluating the cold flow properties of untreated/treated fuel oils (El-Gamal et al, 1998;Khidr and Omar, 2003;Hafiz and Khidr 2007;Khidr, 2007;Khidr et al, 2007). In the present work, high temperature gas phase chromatography is utilized to characterize the content and carbon number distribution of n-alkanes in fuel oils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Commercial Additives as Pour Point Depressants for Fuel Oils

Khidr

2015

Petroleum Science and Technology

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When the crude oil temperature goes below the pour point value wax crystals will come out of solution and tend to plug lines and filters. Additionally, the wax deposited in tanks decreases the storage capacity. In general, wax deposition can cause problems in production, storage, transportation, and consumption. Pretreatment of the crude oil with flow improver or pour point depressants has received the greatest acceptance due to its simplicity and economy. Four commercial additives were evaluated as pour point depressant for fuel oils. The structures of the commercial additives were confirmed by FTIR spectra. The results indicate that the n-alkanes carbon distributions display an obvious normal distribution in fuel oils. The distributions of high carbon n-alkanes are all broad so that wax crystals not precipitate in fuel oil at low temperatures is good. These commercial additives were tested as pour point depressants for fuel oil. The obtained data revealed that the prepared compounds depress the pour point of the fuel oil successfully. Comparison of structures of wax crystals in untreated and treated fuel oil was also done by photomicrographic analysis.

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“…Among them, a few polymers having long alkyl side chains, socalled ''comb-like'' polymers, are known to decrease the rate of wax formation. Polymeric modifier such as poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) [8][9][10], poly(styrene-coalkyl methacrylates) [11,12], poly(fumarate-co-vinyl acetate) [13], poly(alkyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride) [14], polymethylmethacrylate [15][16][17][18], and their acid amide derivatives [19][20][21] have been known for several decades as commercial flow improvers and wax inhibitors of diesel fuel, but none of them are sufficiently effective in diesel fuel. Thus, it has become necessary to develop new cold flow improver for ULSD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters as Feedstocks for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Alkyl Methacrylates and Polystyrene‐co‐alkyl Methacrylates for use as Cold Flow Improvers in Diesel Fuels

Kim

Eom

Hong

et al. 2011

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The enzymatic transesterifications of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were carried out using the Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized within a porous polymethacrylate resin. The enzymatic activity in the transesterification reaction of FAME with HEMA depended on the polarity of the solvent and the highest yield was obtained in toluene (non-polar). The molar ratio of 1:4 (for methyl laurate:HEMA) and 1:2 (for methyl oleate:HEMA) was most favorable for the transesterification yield. The reaction condition (at 60°C/24 h), and the enzyme concentration of 5% (w/w) for methyl laurate with HEMA, 2% (w/w) for methyl oleate with HEMA resulted in the highest final yield. Under these conditions, the maximum yields for the transesterification of methyl laurate with HEMA, methyl oleate with HEMA were 97 ± 5.4% and 91 ± 4.7%, respectively. After ten batches of transesterification of FAME with HEMA, enzyme activity was retained at the level of 88 ± 2.6% and 76 ± 2.3%, respectively, compared with their initial activity. Also, alkyl methacrylate/ styrene copolymers were synthesized by radical polymerization of HEMA-LMA (or HEMA-OMA) and styrene.

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Nitrogen-based copolymers as wax dispersants for paraffinic gas oils

Cited by 55 publications

References 5 publications

Reutilization of Glycerol Derived from Biodiesel Production Using HPW-Based Catalysts Supported on Niobium for Obtention of Additives

Reutilization of Glycerol Derived from Biodiesel Production Using HPW-Based Catalysts Supported on Niobium for Obtention of Additives

The Effect of Commercial Additives as Pour Point Depressants for Fuel Oils

Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters as Feedstocks for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Alkyl Methacrylates and Polystyrene‐co‐alkyl Methacrylates for use as Cold Flow Improvers in Diesel Fuels

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