Nitrogen-enriched porous carbon nanorods templated by cellulose nanocrystals as high performance supercapacitor electrodes

Wu, Xinyun; Shi, Zengqian; Tjandra, Ricky; Cousins, Aleisha Justine; Sy, Serubbabel; Yu, Aiping; Berry, Richard M.; Tam, Kam Chiu

doi:10.1039/c5ta07252b

Cited by 95 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…This can be ascribed to the fact that the pseudo‐capacitance contribution was weakened in KOH aqueous electrolyte due to the lack of protons for the basic functionalities to undergo redox reactions,, which was demonstrated by the shape of CV curves recorded in acidic and alkaline mediums. This phenomenon is also confirmed in the literatures ,, . However, the rate capability under acidic condition was rather moderate compared with that of KOH electrolyte.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…into carbon matrix has been proven as an effective method for boosting the capacitive performance of carbon electrodes. Among them, nitrogen doping has shown great promise which may not only provide the electrode with a high pseudo‐capacitance, but also strengthen the electrical conductivity and wettability, and consequently maximize the electroactive surface area of electrode material by taking advantage of intrinsic electron donor nature . The superior doping effect of nitrogen can be ascribed its comparable atomic size to carbon and contains five valence electrons, thereby causing a shift of the Fermi level to the valence band, and provide more electron transfer pathways in carbon electrodes, thus leading to greatly improved electrochemical behavior …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rational Design of Highly Conductive Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Microtubes Derived from Willow Catkin for Supercapacitor Applications

et al. 2019

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The rational design of carbon materials with high electrical conductivity, low tortuosity, large specific surface area, and sufficient heteroatom doping for high-performance supercapacitor application is highly desired but remains as a major challenge. Herein, by templating the natural microtubular and thin-walled structure of willow catkin, a highly conductive nitrogen-doped hollow carbon microtube material was synthesized through an integrated procedure including polymerization, pyrolysis, and activation. Robust N-doped crosslinked graphene was grafted on the internal and external walls of carbonized hollow catkin to form a sandwich structure of the derived carbon. The obtained carbon microtubes exhibit a large specific surface area (2608 m 2 g À 1 ), short and unimpeded ion-diffusion paths, high-level heteroatom doping (O: 12.5 at %, N: 3.4 at %), and excellent electrical conductivity (128 S m À 1 ). Benefitting from its desirable textural properties and favorable elemental composition, the derived electrode, without the addition of conductive additives, delivers impressive capacitance values of 408 F g À 1 (0.5 A g À 1 ) in 6 M KOH electrolyte and 420.8 F g À 1 (1 A g À 1 ) in 1 M H 2 SO 4 , as well as an outstanding rate capability and excellent cycling stability. In addition, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor displays an ultrahigh energy density of 27.3 Wh kg À 1 at 182 W kg À 1 in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte. These advanced characteristics ensure the carbon microtubes hold great promise for energy storage/conversion applications.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Design of Highly Conductive Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Microtubes Derived from Willow Catkin for Supercapacitor Applications

et al. 2019

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“…It is worth noting that this scalable protocol can also be used to prepare N-doped carbon nanorods (N-CNs). Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) was used as a bio-template to prepare melamine-formaldehyde (MF) coated CNC nanorods (MFCNCs), [133] as shown in Figure 8a. The resulting MFCNCs were further treated by a one-step pyrolysis to produce N-CNs with high N doping content (8.45%) and favourable micro-, meso-, and macropores.…”

Section: Bio-macromolecule Based Bio-templatementioning

confidence: 99%

Bio‐Nanotechnology in High‐Performance Supercapacitors

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

182

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on seeking suitable electrode materials, and optimizing the electrode/electrolyte and electrode/current collector interface properties. As the core of such energystorage devices, the electrode materials directly determine the processing cost and performance of devices, such as their rate capability, specific capacitance (C sp ), cycling stability, etc, which enable the safe and highly-efficient use of energy. [1a,3] Based on the mechanisms of charge storage, SC electrodes can be classified as electric double layer electrodes (EDLEs), pseudocapacitive electrodes, and hybrid electrodes. Most of the EDLEs use carbon materials (activated carbon (AC), [4] carbon nanotubes (CNTs), [5] carbon nanofibers (CNFs), [6] graphene (GN), [7] etc.) as the electrode active materials and store energy only by electrostatic accumulation at the electrode/electrolyte interface. EDLEs usually show high charge-discharge rates and high cycling stability, while their energy densities (≈5 W h kg −1 ) are often greatly limited by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area (S BET ) and the pore size distribution of electrode materials. Pseudocapacitive electrodes are generally based on conductive polymers (polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene, etc.) [8] and transition metal oxides/ hydroxides (Fe 3 O 4 , MnO 2 , RuO 2 , NiO, Co 3 O 4 , Ni(OH) 2 , etc.), [9] and use reversible faradic processes for energy storage. Compared to EDLEs, pseudocapacitive electrodes can offer much higher storage capabilities because of the faradic reactions involved. In the case of transition metal oxides/hydroxides, however, their poor electrical conductivity generally leads to low power density. In addition, the easily damaged structures of conductive polymers during the faradic processes usually lead to poor cycling stability. To resolve these problems, hybrid electrodes (GN/PPy, CNTs/PPy, GN/MnO 2 , PPy/MnO 2 , NiMoO 4 / PANI, CNTs/MoS 2 , PPy/MoS 2 , etc.) [10] have been developed to take complete advantage of both EDLEs and pseudocapacitive electrodes. For a long time, nanotechnological techniques have been considered as promising approaches to prepare highly efficient SC electrodes. [1b,11] Compared with micro-and submillimeter materials, nanomaterials as active SC electrodes have the following advantages: [12] (1) A high S BET means sufficient electroactive sites and thus high capacity utilization of electrode materials; (2) Intrinsic porous structures and small particle sizes, which contribute to the complete penetration of the electrolyte and reduce the diffusion path of electrolyte ions; (3) Highly ordered hierarchical structures can relieve the stress within the materials and offer stable channels for electron transfer, which can ensure good cycling stability; (4) The The use of bio-nanotechnology for the fabrication of diverse functional nanomaterials with precisely controlled morphologies and microstructures is attracting considerable attention due to its sustainability and renewability. As one of the key energy storag...

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“…Currently, cellulose-derived carbons for EC electrodes have been researched mainly through two directions. One is the direct utilisation of commercial cellulose as the carbon precursor, 46,54,55,59,[149][150][151][152] the other is firstly isolating cellulose from lignocellulose by different extraction processes and then research their electrochemical performance as electrodes after transforming them into ACs. [153][154][155][156] Sevilla and coworkers 46,54,55,59 produced activated carbon materials with cellulose as the carbon precursor.…”

Section: Cellulose-derived Carbon For Ecsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By HTC at 230-250 °C for 2 h and subsequent KOH activation at 700-800 °C for 1 h, the carbon electrode produced displayed a capacitance of 140 F/g at 10 mV/s and a good rate capability. Tam et al 150 conducted a one-step pyrolysis on melamine-formaldehyde cellulose nanocrystals. The sample pyrolysed at 900 ℃ displayed a capacitance of 352 F/g at 5…”

Section: Cellulose-derived Carbon For Ecsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose-derived porous carbon electrodes for electrochemical capacitors

Lü¹

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Electrochemical capacitors (ECs), also normally called as supercapacitors are important energy storage devices with characteristics such as long cycling life, high power density and safety. Currently, activated carbon is the most popular electrode for fabricating ECs because of its high specific surface area, good electrical conductivity and low cost. To improve the electrochemical performance of ECs, especially their energy density, the past decade has witnessed a great deal of research interest in searching for advanced electrode materials, which are expected to be sustainable, cost-effective, stable against cycling and of high performance. Biomass is a carbon-rich, earth-abundant, renewable and low-cost resource for making carbon Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof X. S. (George) Zhao for giving me the offer to work in his lab. It is one of the most important opportunities in my life. I wish to thank Prof Zhao's professional guidance during my PhD research here. His constructive comments and suggestions helped me to shape my research direction. I also want to thank Dr Tim Duignan, my co-supervisor, for his help. I benefited and learned a lot from his effort to improve the quality of my thesis. Thanks Prof Zhonghua (John) Zhu and Dr Thomas E Rufford for being two of my my thesis committee members. Thanks for your valuable suggestions in the last three and a half years. I also want to thank Prof Ryong Ryoo, Dr Kyoungsoo Kim and Mr Yonghyun Kwon for our nice cooperation work. Wish we could have more cooperation work in future. Gratitude also goes to my lab mates for your help and mutual support, including Dr Xiaoming

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Nitrogen-enriched porous carbon nanorods templated by cellulose nanocrystals as high performance supercapacitor electrodes

Abstract: Cellulose nanocrystal-templated melamine-formaldehyde nanorods were fabricated via in situ polycondensation followed by a one-step carbonization into hierarchically porous carbon that possessed promising supercapacitive performance.

Cited by 95 publications

References 70 publications

Rational Design of Highly Conductive Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Microtubes Derived from Willow Catkin for Supercapacitor Applications

Rational Design of Highly Conductive Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Microtubes Derived from Willow Catkin for Supercapacitor Applications

Bio‐Nanotechnology in High‐Performance Supercapacitors

Cellulose-derived porous carbon electrodes for electrochemical capacitors

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