Nitrogen fixed into HNO3 by pulsed high voltage discharge

Bian, Wenjuan; Song, Xiaofeng; Shi, Junwen; Yin, Xian‐Hong

doi:10.1016/j.elstat.2012.03.010

Cited by 41 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The lowest EC at atmospheric pressure of 2.4 MJ mol −1 reported up to now was obtained a long time ago in the industrial Birkeland‐Eyde process, which produced 1–2 % NO in a thermal arc plasma [14] . In recent years various atmospheric‐pressure plasmas have been investigated, such as spark discharges, [21] radio‐frequency discharges, [22] corona discharge, [23] glow discharges, [24] (packed bed) dielectric barrier discharges, [25] and different types of arc discharges, including pulsed arc and various gliding arc plasmas [26–29] . The lowest ECs were typically obtained in gliding arc plasma reactors (2.4–3.6 MJ mol −1 ) [26–29] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NO_x

et al. 2022

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Industrial ammonia production without CO 2 emission and with low energy consumption is one of the technological grand challenges of this age. Current Haber-Bosch ammonia mass production processes work with a thermally activated iron catalyst needing high pressure. The need for large volumes of hydrogen gas and the continuous operation mode render electrification of Haber-Bosch plants difficult to achieve. Electrochemical solutions at low pressure and temperature are faced with the problematic inertness of the nitrogen molecule on electrodes. Direct reduction of N 2 to ammonia is only possible with very reactive chemicals such as lithium metal, the regeneration of which is energy intensive. Here, the attractiveness of an oxidative route for N 2 activation was presented. N 2 conversion to NO x in a plasma reactor followed by reduction with H 2 on a heterogeneous catalyst at low pressure could be an energy-efficient option for small-scale distributed ammonia production with renewable electricity and without intrinsic CO 2 footprint.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NO_x

et al. 2022

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“…Methane is the preferred feedstock for the Haber-Bosch NH 3 thus the current HNO 3 production is even more energy intensive compared with NH 3 . Alternative routes based on plasma via nitric oxide production have been the subject of considerable research [10][11][12][13][14][15]24] with several reviews of recent progress [12,13,[19][20][21][22]28,29].…”

Section: Nitrogen Fixationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important potential nitrogen fixation is in nitric acid (for nitrate fertilizers) which is currently obtained from the oxidation of ammonia itself. Therefore, the current methods of ammonia and nitric acid productions are not sustainable, thus alternative sustainable carbon-free methods have been investigated [11,[112][113][114][115][116][117]. Here, we present an alternative route for nitrogen fixation for nitric acid and hydrogen production by chemical looping using the plasma generating catalyst systems described in the foregoing sections.…”

Section: Carbon Dioxide and Flue Gas Conversion To Ammonia And Fertilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Generating—Chemical Looping Catalyst Synthesis by Microwave Plasma Shock for Nitrogen Fixation from Air and Hydrogen Production from Water for Agriculture and Energy Technologies in Global Warming Prevention

Akay

2020

Catalysts

103

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Simultaneous generation of plasma by microwave irradiation of perovskite or the spinel type of silica supported porous catalyst oxides and their reduction by nitrogen in the presence of oxygen is demonstrated. As a result of plasma generation in air, NOx generation is accompanied by the development of highly heterogeneous regions in terms of chemical and morphological variations within the catalyst. Regions of almost completely reduced catalyst are dispersed within the catalyst oxide, across micron-scale domains. The quantification of the catalyst heterogeneity and evaluation of catalyst structure are studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and XRD. Plasma generating supported spinel catalysts are synthesized using the technique developed by the author (Catalysts; 2016; 6; 80) and BaTiO3 is used to exemplify perovskites. Silica supported catalyst systems are represented as M/Si = X (single catalysts) or as M(1)/M(2)/Si = X/Y/Z (binary catalysts) where M; M(1) M(2) = Cr; Mn; Fe; Co; Cu and X, Y, Z are the molar ratio of the catalysts and SiO2 support. Composite porous catalysts are synthesized using a mixture of Co and BaTiO3. In all the catalysts, structural heterogeneity manifests itself through defects, phase separation and increased porosity resulting in the creation of the high activity sites. The chemical heterogeneity results in reduced and oxidized domains and in very large changes in catalyst/support ratio. High electrical potential activity within BaTiO3 particles is observed through the formation of electrical treeing. Plasma generation starts as soon as the supported catalyst is synthesized. Two conditions for plasma generation are observed: Metal/Silica molar ratio should be > 1/2 and the resulting oxide should be spinel type; represented as MaOb (a = 3; b = 4 for single catalyst). Composite catalysts are represented as {M/Si = X}/BaTiO3 and obtained from the catalyst/silica precursor fluid with BaTiO3 particles which undergo fragmentation during microwave irradiation. Further irradiation causes plasma generation, NOx formation and lattice oxygen depletion. Partially reduced spinels are represented as MaOb–c. These reactions occur through a chemical looping process in micron-scale domains on the porous catalyst surface. Therefore; it is possible to scale-up this process to obtain NOx from MaOb for nitric acid production and H2 generation from MaOb–c by catalyst re-oxidized by water. Re-oxidation by CO2 delivers CO as fuel. These findings explain the mechanism of conversion of combustion gases (CO2 + N2) to CO and NOx via a chemical looping process. Mechanism of catalyst generation is proposed and the resulting structural inhomogeneity is characterized. Plasma generating catalysts also represent a new form of Radar Absorbing Material (RAM) for stealth and protection from radiation in which electromagnetic energy is dissipated by plasma generation and catalytic reactions. These catalytic RAMs can be expected to be more efficient in frequency independent microwave absorption.

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“…An atmospheric-pressure plasma discharge has been widely used as an easy and low-cost plasma treatment methods 17 . Nitrite (NO 2 -) and nitrate ions (NO 3 -) are produced and increased in water by plasma discharge treatment [18][19][20] . In addition, the concentration of components such as ozone (O 3 ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and hydroxide (OH) radicals also changes by water plasma discharge treatment [21][22][23][24] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-spark discharge system for preparation of nutritious water

Nakaso

Harigai

Kusumawan

et al. 2018

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The nitrogen compound concentration in water is increased by atmospheric-pressure plasma discharge treatment. A rod-to-water electrode discharge treatment system using plasma discharge has been developed by our group to obtain water with a high concentration of nitrogen compounds, and this plasma-treated water improves the growth of chrysanthemum roots. However, it is difficult to apply the system to the agriculture because the amount of treated water obtained by using the system too small. In this study, a multi-spark discharge system (MSDS) equipped multiple spark plugs is presented to obtain a large amount of plasma-treated water. The MSDS consisted of inexpensive parts in order to reduce the system introduction cost for agriculture. To suppress the temperature increase of the spark plugs, the 9 spark plugs were divided into 3 groups, which were discharged in order. The plasma-treated water with a NO 3 -concentration of 50 mg/L was prepared using the MSDS for 90 min, and the treatment efficiency was about 6 times higher than that of our previous system. It was confirmed that the NO 2 -, O 3 , and H 2 O 2 concentrations in the water were also increased by treating the water using the MSDS.

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Nitrogen fixed into HNO3 by pulsed high voltage discharge

Cited by 41 publications

References 32 publications

Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NO_x

Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NO_x

Plasma Generating—Chemical Looping Catalyst Synthesis by Microwave Plasma Shock for Nitrogen Fixation from Air and Hydrogen Production from Water for Agriculture and Energy Technologies in Global Warming Prevention

Multi-spark discharge system for preparation of nutritious water

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Nitrogen fixed into HNO3 by pulsed high voltage discharge

Cited by 41 publications

References 32 publications

Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NOx

Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NOx

Plasma Generating—Chemical Looping Catalyst Synthesis by Microwave Plasma Shock for Nitrogen Fixation from Air and Hydrogen Production from Water for Agriculture and Energy Technologies in Global Warming Prevention

Multi-spark discharge system for preparation of nutritious water

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Resources

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Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NO_x

Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NO_x