2017
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181785
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Nitrogen uptake and assimilation in proliferating embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce—Investigating the specific role of glutamine

Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis is an in vitro system employed for plant propagation and the study of embryo development. Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development and, hence, the production of healthy embryos during somatic embryogenesis. Glutamine has been shown to increase plant biomass in many in vitro applications, including somatic embryogenesis. However, several aspects of nitrogen nutrition during somatic embryogenesis remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the uptake and assimilation of nitroge… Show more

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Cited by 20 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…In the present study, it was demonstrated that the reduced growth of PEMs on medium containing only NH 4 + NO 3 , as compared to medium supplemented with L-glutamine (Gln; Gln + NO 3 media), was associated with absence of detectable GS and NR activities. This can be related to the preferential uptake at this stage of glutamine rather than nitrate and ammonium reported by [15]. Detectable levels of GS and NR activity were however found in mature somatic embryos, suggesting an increase in enzyme activities compared to those in PEMs.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 66%
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“…In the present study, it was demonstrated that the reduced growth of PEMs on medium containing only NH 4 + NO 3 , as compared to medium supplemented with L-glutamine (Gln; Gln + NO 3 media), was associated with absence of detectable GS and NR activities. This can be related to the preferential uptake at this stage of glutamine rather than nitrate and ammonium reported by [15]. Detectable levels of GS and NR activity were however found in mature somatic embryos, suggesting an increase in enzyme activities compared to those in PEMs.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 66%
“…However, it has been shown repeatedly that proliferation of embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce is negligible with only inorganic nitrogen but strong after the addition of organic nitrogen in the form of L-glutamine [14] and references therein. A recent study of nitrogen uptake into proembryogenic masses (PEMs) of Norway spruce also demonstrated preferred uptake of organic nitrogen over inorganic nitrogen sources [15]. Casein hydrolysate can substitute for glutamine to some degree and is often added to culture media, providing a mixture of amino acids.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…silver fir (Abies alba) (Hristoforoglu et al 1995), white spruce (Picea glauca) ( Barrett et al 1997) and Norway spruce (Bozhkov et al 1993), studies have shown that supplementing the culture medium with organic N, e.g. Gln or casein hydrolysate, enhances SE initiation frequency and proliferation growth, as compared with medium supplemented with solely inorganic N. In a recent study, it has been shown that growing proliferating pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) of Norway spruce on semi-solid medium with NH 4 + and NO 3 − in combination with Gln, had a positive effect on PEM culture growth as compared with the growth on solely inorganic N (Carlsson et al 2017). The same study also showed that the amount of Gln-N taken up was higher than the relative amount supplied in the medium and that Gln-N was assimilated into AA metabolism to a higher extent than inorganic N, contributing to more than half of the N in the total free AA (TFAA) pool of proliferating PEMs.…”
Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The main goals of this research project were (i) to investigate the utilization of C and N stored in the mature somatic embryo versus the utilization of C and N supplied in the medium and (ii) to characterise N metabolism during the early stage of germination, investigating the relative use of different N sources supplied in the germination medium. Given the importance of Gln for PEMs (Carlsson et al 2017), we hypothesised that Gln supplied in the medium would be a major contributor of N during somatic embryo germination.…”
Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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