Carbon nanotubes
and a number of other carbon nanomaterials have
a tendency to aggregate, which often resulted in difficulties of dispersion
of these nanomaterials in aqueous solutions. The ability of dicationic
(gemini) surfactants to disperse multiwall carbon nanotubes in water
and the dynamic processes taking place at the water–multiwall
carbon nanotubes (MWCTs) interface are studied. Stable dispersions
of multiwall carbon nanotubes with selected gemini surfactants (1,1′-(1,6-hexanediyl)bis(3-alkyloxymethylimidazolium)
dichlorides) were prepared and characterized by nuclear magnetic relaxation
dispersion (NMRD), NMR diffusometry, scanning and transmission electron
microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The addition
of multiwall carbon nanotubes to aqueous solutions of studied gemini
surfactants leads to significant paramagnetic enhancement of the spin–lattice
relaxation processes, which gets more pronounced with increasing concentration
of well-dispersed MWNTs in water. The dominant role of outer sphere
(OS) relaxation mechanism in total observed R
1, governed by two-dimensional diffusion of water on the carbon
nanotube surface in the vicinity of paramagnetic centers incorporated
in the MWCNTs’ sidewalls (mainly of iron origin), was assumed
to explain NMRD data. The NMR diffusion experiments confirm the existence
of restricted water diffusion in the studied supernatants. The NMR
diffusion results are consistent with the FTIR and NMR proton spin–lattice
relaxation dispersion in which the more effective R
1 dispersion noticed for the sample with IMIC6C12 was
ascribed to the better accessibility of water molecules to the surface
of the MWCNTs.