No Difference in Weight Loss, Glucose, Lipids and Vitamin D of Eggs for Breakfast Compared with Cereal for Breakfast during Energy Restriction

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of consuming 2 eggs for breakfast 5 days per week compared with eating breakfast cereal in a randomized parallel study. Two energy-restricted diets with a similar energy content were compared over a 6-month period. One hundred and ten participants—aged 56 ± 16 years, BMI 34 ± 6 kg·m2, 84 women and 26 men—commenced and 76 completed the study, 33 in the egg group and 43 in the cereal group. Weight loss in completers was 8.1 kg ± 7.0 kg (8.8 ± 6.4%) in the egg group and 7.3 kg ± 4.0 kg (7.6 ± 4.6%) in the cereal group (p < 0.001 for time) but there was no differential effect of diet (p = 0.56). Vitamin D was 55 ± 18 nmol/L at baseline rose at 3 months and fell at 6 months but remained higher than baseline (p < 0.001 for time) with no difference between the groups. Vitamin D levels were inversely correlated with BMI (r = −0.22 p = 0.025) and positively with age (r = 0.26 p = 0.009), and change in Vitamin D was positively correlated with weight change at 3 and 6 months (r = 0.46 and r = 0.41 both p < 0.001). In a post-hoc analysis of obese participants there was an effect of time (p < 0.01) and a time by diet interaction (p < 0.04), such that participants in the egg group maintained the increase in Vitamin D levels at 6-months. There was no effect on glucose and no adverse effects on total and LDL cholesterol, which did not change. In conclusion, both diets achieved clinically meaningful weight loss. There were no adverse effects on LDL-cholesterol, and there may be a beneficial effect on Vitamin D in people with obesity but this remains to be investigated in a prospective study.

The effect of whole egg consumption on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

“…More than half of the studies were conducted in the USA [ 22 , 23 , 32 , 34 – 36 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 58 , 59 , 61 ]. Five studies were conducted in Australia [ 37 , 38 , 40 , 44 , 60 ], two in Thailand [ 45 , 52 ], two in the UK [ 50 , 57 ], two in India [ 54 , 55 ], and one in Denmark [ 56 ], Pakistan [ 48 ], Finland [ 41 ], and Mexico [ 33 ]. Nineteen studies had a cross-over design [ 22 , 23 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 51 – 57 , 61 ] and 13 were parallel clinical trials [ 32 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 58 – 60 ].…”

“…Five studies were conducted in Australia [ 37 , 38 , 40 , 44 , 60 ], two in Thailand [ 45 , 52 ], two in the UK [ 50 , 57 ], two in India [ 54 , 55 ], and one in Denmark [ 56 ], Pakistan [ 48 ], Finland [ 41 ], and Mexico [ 33 ]. Nineteen studies had a cross-over design [ 22 , 23 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 51 – 57 , 61 ] and 13 were parallel clinical trials [ 32 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 58 – 60 ]. All studies were performed on both sexes except two studies one of which was done in females [ 52 ], and the other one was conducted in males [ 59 ].…”

“…There were three types of control groups among the studies: most studies excluded whole eggs from the diet of controls [ 22 , 32 , 36 , 41 , 44 – 50 , 52 – 55 , 59 , 61 ] or the control group received fewer whole eggs than intervention group [ 37 , 38 , 56 , 57 , 60 ]. In eight studies, control groups received a high carbohydrate breakfast without whole egg [ 23 , 33 , 34 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 58 ], and one study provided them walnut [ 51 ]; and in one study, the control group received choline supplements [ 35 ]. Putadechakum et al [ 45 ] reported the values of FFM as a percentage, and in another study, only the overall effect was reported and the difference by diet allocation was not mentioned [ 44 ].…”

“…In one study, whole eggs were given in the form of muffins, so the participants and investigators were blind to the intervention and control groups [ 47 ]; however, in other studies, blinding was not possible. The result of the risk of bias assessment for 6 studies was rated as “with some concern” [ 33 , 36 , 39 , 43 , 47 , 61 ] mainly because they did not have any information about their allocation method, 23 studies were high risk [ 22 , 23 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 40 , 42 , 44 – 46 , 48 – 60 ] mainly due to lack of information about the blinding of outcome assessors, and one study [ 38 ] was rated as low risk of bias. One included non-RCT assessed using the ROBINS-I tool [ 41 ].…”

Beta-caryophyllene prevents the defects in trabecular bone caused by Vitamin D deficiency through pathways instated by increased expression of klotho

“…In one study, vitamin D levels were inversely correlated with BMI ( r = -0.22, p = 0.025), suggesting some potential benefits for individuals living with obesity, although this remains to be investigated in a prospective study. 14 For individuals living with obesity, an eight-week low-calorie diet programme supplemented with vitamin D led to a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, compared with the same diet with a placebo supplement. 15 Obesity is associated with low plasma levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, which can result from vitamin D deficiency.…”