NOD1 in the interplay between microbiota and gastrointestinal immune adaptations

Fernández-García, Victoria; González-Ramos, Silvia; Martı́n-Sanz, Paloma; Portillo, Francisco García‐del; Laparra, José Moisés

doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105775

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…With respect to intracellular trafficking, colocalization analyses showed that EVs from E. coli Nissle 1917 are present in early endosomes and, once inside the cell, EV peptidoglycan interacts with NOD1 that leads to the activation of the immune system ( Cañas et al, 2016 , 2018 ; Fernández-García et al, 2021 ). Moreover, EVs can also fuse with lysosomes ( Cañas et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicles From Probiotic Bacteria and Infectiou...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics, Their Extracellular Vesicles and Infectious Diseases

et al. 2022

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Probiotics have been shown to be effective against infectious diseases in clinical trials, with either intestinal or extraintestinal health benefits. Even though probiotic effects are strain-specific, some “widespread effects” include: pathogen inhibition, enhancement of barrier integrity and regulation of immune responses. The mechanisms involved in the health benefits of probiotics are not completely understood, but these effects can be mediated, at least in part, by probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, to date, there are no clinical trials examining probiotic-derived EVs health benefits against infectious diseases. There is still a long way to go to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical practice. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge about EVs released by probiotic bacteria to understand their possible role in the prevention and/or treatment of infectious diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms whereby EVs package their cargo and the process involved in communication with host cells (inter-kingdom communication), would allow further advances in this field. In addition, we comment on the potential use and missing knowledge of EVs as therapeutic agents (postbiotics) against infectious diseases. Future research on probiotic-derived EVs is needed to open new avenues for the encapsulation of bioactives inside EVs from GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) bacteria. This could be a scientific novelty with applications in functional foods and pharmaceutical industries.

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Section: Extracellular Vesicles From Probiotic Bacteria and Infectiou...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics, Their Extracellular Vesicles and Infectious Diseases

et al. 2022

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“…The direct stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as the aforementioned TLRs and NOD receptors, plays a role in the cross-talk of the intestinal microbiota and adaptive immunity ( 74 ). As previously discussed, the NOD1 receptor expressed by innate immune and epithelial cells responds to bacterial cell wall fragments such as peptidoglycan, which can be derived from both gram negative and positive bacteria ( 38 , 39 ), and TLRs recognize a variety of microbial-derived antigens ( 42 ).…”

Section: Putative Mechanisms By Which the Intestinal Microbiome Modul...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of the intestinal microbiome to immune recovery after HCT

Wolfe

Markey

2022

Front. Immunol.

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Allogenic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a curative-intent immunotherapy for high-risk hematological malignancies and immune deficiencies. Allo-HCT carries a high risk of treatment-related mortality (TRM), largely due to infection or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Robust immune recovery is essential for optimal patient outcomes, given the immunologic graft-versus-leukemia effect prevents relapse, and functional innate and adaptive immunity are both needed for the prevention and control of infection. Most simply, we measure immune recovery by enumerating donor lymphocyte subsets in circulation. In functional terms, ideal immune recovery is more difficult to define, and current lab techniques are limited to the measurement of specific vaccine-responses or mitogens ex vivo. Clinically, poor immune function manifests as problematic infection with viral, bacterial and fungal organisms. Furthermore, the ideal recovering immune system is capable of exerting graft-versus-tumor effects to prevent relapse, and does not induce graft-versus-host disease. Large clinical observational studies have linked loss of diversity within the gut microbiome with adverse transplant outcomes including decreased overall survival and increased acute and chronic GVHD. Furthermore, the correlation between intestinal microbial communities and numeric lymphocyte recovery has now been reported using a number of approaches. Large sets of clinically available white blood cell count data, clinical flow cytometry of lymphocyte subsets and bespoke flow cytometry analyses designed to capture microbiota-specific T cells (e.g. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells, subsets of the gd T cells) have all been leveraged in an attempt to understand links between the microbiota and the recovering immune system in HCT patients. Additionally, preclinical studies suggest an immunomodulatory role for bacterial metabolites (including butyrate, secondary bile acids, and indole derivatives from tryptophan metabolism) in transplant outcomes, though further studies are needed to unravel mechanisms relevant to the post-HCT setting. An understanding of mechanistic relationships between the intestinal microbiome and post-transplant outcomes is necessary for reduction of risk associated with transplant, to inform prophylactic procedures, and ensure optimal immune reconstitution without alloreactivity. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the complex relationship between bacterial communities, their individual members, and the metabolites they produce with immune function in both the allo-HCT and steady-state setting.

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“…Nod1 can enhance the epithelial barrier function, promote intestinal homeostasis, and resist the invasion of pathogens that can cause colitis by regulating antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), proinflammatory cytokines, autophagy, and acquired immunity [ 15 ]. Salmonella , for example, activates Nod1 in the gut through peptidoglycan (PGN) motifs which are the main component of its bacterial cell wall; the intestinal epithelium thus acts as a barrier against pathogen invasion, thereby limiting the severity of colitis or CRC.…”

Section: Nod1 Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, Nod1−/− mice show poor neutrophil mobilization at the site of infection resulting in increased bacterial translocation in the intestinal tract, and reduced secretion of IL-6 and IFN-β, thereby affecting intestinal epithelial barrier function [ 18 , 19 ]. By using cohousing and fecal transplantation models, it has been further shown that 16S rRNA sequenced gut microbiota populations of Nod1−/− mice were different from controls [ 15 , 20 ]. Mice with Nod1 gene defects have different relative numbers of bacteria, including Clostridium , Bacteroids , and Enterobacteriaceae [ 21 ].…”

Section: Nod1 Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

How Gut Microbiota Are Shaped by Pattern Recognition Receptors in Colitis and Colorectal Cancer

Qing

Xie

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Disorders of gut microbiota have been closely linked to the occurrence of various intestinal diseases including colitis and colorectal cancer (CRC). Specifically, the production of beneficial bacteria and intestinal metabolites may slow the development of some intestinal diseases. Recently, it has been proposed that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) not only recognize pathogens and initiate inflammatory signal transduction to induce immune responses but also influence the composition of intestinal microorganisms. However, the mechanisms through which PRRs regulate gut microbiota in the setting of colitis and CRC have rarely been systematically reviewed. Therefore, in this paper, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how PRRs shape gut microbiota and how this influences the development of colitis and CRC.

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NOD1 in the interplay between microbiota and gastrointestinal immune adaptations

Cited by 22 publications

References 151 publications

Probiotics, Their Extracellular Vesicles and Infectious Diseases

Probiotics, Their Extracellular Vesicles and Infectious Diseases

The contribution of the intestinal microbiome to immune recovery after HCT

How Gut Microbiota Are Shaped by Pattern Recognition Receptors in Colitis and Colorectal Cancer

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