“…The role of NOD1 and NOD2 in bacterial and viral immune responses has been studied in mammals (Barnich, Aguirre, Reinecker, Xavier, & Podolsky, ; Kufer, Kremmer, Banks, & Philpott, ; Tattoli, Travassos, Carneiro, Magalhaes, & Girardin, ; Uehara et al., ), rohu ( Labeo rohita ) (Swain, Basu, Sahoo et al., ; Swain, Basu, Samanta et al., ), mrigal ( Cirrhinus mrigala ) (Swain, Basu, & Samanta, ), orange‐spotted grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) (Hou et al., ), rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) (Chang et al., ), grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) (Chen et al., ), channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) (Sha et al., ) and zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) (Zou et al., ). In mammals, NOD1 and NOD2 can directly interact with IPS‐1 (interferon‐β promoter stimulator protein 1), resulting in the activation of NF‐κB (nuclear factor kappa B) and IRF‐3 (interferon regulatory factor 3).…”