Non-equilibrium electrons in the quantum Hall effect regime

Scaling of the critical current in the quantum Hall effect: A probe of current distribution

“…Over the years, substantial effort has been invested in studying this so-called breakdown of the QHE. Experimentally, the phenomenon has been associated with hysteresis [4,5,8,9], instabilities and noise [5,6,8,[10][11][12], and variations among different pairs of contacts on a given sample [13][14][15]. The reported values of the critical current density j c , obtained simply by dividing I c by the width of the channel W, vary over more than 2 orders of magnitude [16][17][18], though typically j c is about 1 A/m.…”

“…Among the proposed theories, we briefly mention the models of a runaway heating instability [4,20], Zener transitions between Landau levels (LLs) [21], injection of hot electrons at the current contacts [12,14], and the threshold for emission of acoustical phonons [22][23][24][25]. A distinction is necessary between emissions with intra-LL and inter-LL transitions.…”

Effects of breakdown on nondissipative current flow on the quantized hall resistance measurement in Si-MOSFET's

“…However, the maximum value of ISD, with which the condition of vanishingly small is attained, is determined by moderately accelerated electrons with a speed less than the lowest speed of longitudinal lattice waves, since the electrons accelerated up to the sound velocity lose energy by emitting acoustic phonons. These moderately accelerated electrons, which are generated in the finite dissipative area, would diffuse over the channel and cause a finite ρ^χ value, or the breakdown of nondissipative current flow [15].…”

Present State of Quantized-Hall-Resistance Metrology

“…1.1.2. Different Possible Realizations. Using R, = 10 kR [3,4] requires careful control of the linearity of the potentiometer as vH then differs significantly from U, (by approximately 35% for a measurement of…”