Non-polio enteroviruses and their association with acute diarrhea in children in India

Rao, D. Narayana; Babu, Maya A.; Raghavendra, A.; Dhananjaya, D.; Kumar, Sudheendra; Maiya, P. P.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.011

Cited by 57 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…By contrast, NPEV-associated acute diarrhoeal cases during April to October accounted for 14% to 50% (average 24%) of the diarrhoeal cases and that due to RV ranged between 0% and 9%. Seasonal prevalence of NPEV infections was also observed in healthy children, being 0% to 3% during winter months and 1% to 9% in other months (Rao et al, 2013). Of note, majority of NPEV infections (~60%) occurred in children <1 year of age (Table 1), similar to that observed for rotavirus infections (~65%).…”

Section: Non-polio Enteroviruses-the Emerging Pathogenssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…5). Although the number of children above three years having diarrhoea is significantly less than those below three years, the likelihood of NPEV infections resulting in diarrhoea appears to increase by 35%-70% in older children between three and nine years (Rao et al, 2013). …”

Section: Non-polio Enteroviruses In Acute Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 91%

“…CVAs were not frequently detected in diarrhoeal children ( Fig. 7) (Rao et al, 2013). The rate of detection of different serotypes differed each year and appeared to be associated with epidemics-like outbreaks due to specific serotypes.…”

Section: Ev Serotypes In Acute Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Examination of 300 samples each from diarrhoearic and healthy children revealed that 21% and 9% of the NPEV-negative samples, respectively, were positive for diarrhoeagenic E. coli. However, only 4% of NPEV-positive diarrhoea samples were positive for diarrhoeagenic E. coli (Rao et al, 2013).…”

Section: Non-polio Enteroviruses In Acute Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The spectrum of diseases associated with enterovirus infections in humans include; acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), aseptic meningitis, acute encephalitis, type-1-diabetes, uveitis, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), 448 C Durga Rao diarrhoea, brainstem disease, herpangina, exanthema, pleurodynia, cardiomyopathy, coagulopathy, atherosclerotic arterial disease, multi-system hemorrhagic disease, sudden deftness, fatal illness with pulmonary hypertension in neonates, transverse myelitis, aplastic anemia etc. (Pallansch and Roos, 2007;Chen and Shih, 2011;Avellon et al, 2003;De et al, 2011;Lewthwaite et al, 2010;el-Sageyer et al, 1998;Hinkkanen 2003;Lashkevich et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2009;Lin et al, 2003;Moldin 1980;Moldin, 1986;Mostoufizadeh et al, 1983;Ooi et al, 2010;Ortner et al, 2009;Rao et al, 2012;Rao et al, 2013;Reyes et al, 1983;Soloman and Willson 2003;Lukashev et al, 2003;Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-Polio Enteroviruses, the Neglected and Emerging Human Pathogens:Are we Waiting for the Sizzling Enterovirus Volcano to Erupt?

Rao¹

2015

Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy

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Enteroviruses consist of a large group of pathogenic viruses, poliovirus being the notorious member. For the last several decades, all the attention and resources were directed towards control and eradication of poliomyelitis in India. There is very little research on non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs), the cousins of poliovirus, which are associated with a wide range of diseases, especially in infants and young children. We have established an active research group on NPEVs during the last six years and showed that about 35% of non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NP-AFP) children were positive for NPEV infections, and detected 66 serotypes in NP-AFP children, EV71 being more frequently detected followed by Echovirus 13 and CVB5. Long-term comparative epidemiological studies on NPEVs and rotavirus in acute diarrhoea revealed for the first time, that, NPEV association is as significant as that of rotavirus. A surprising observation was the contrasting seasonal prevalence between enterovus-and rotavirus-associated diarrhoea, the former predominating in non-winter months and the latter occurring primarily in the winter season. NPEVs were associated with epidemics-like outbreaks during which they were detected in up to 50% children with acute diarrhoea. In recent years, enterovirus has been identified to be associated with acute encephalitis cases in Uttar Pradesh. HFMD outbreaks have been reported in recent years, including a major outbreak in Bangalore in 2013. Since, no studies exist in India on the biology of EVs, including HFMD, we have recently initiated work on this emerging disease. Our studies uncover an urgent need for detailed studies on these "so far" neglected and emerging viruses for effective child health management in the country.

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Section: Non-polio Enteroviruses-the Emerging Pathogenssupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Non-polio Enteroviruses In Acute Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Ev Serotypes In Acute Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Non-polio Enteroviruses In Acute Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-Polio Enteroviruses, the Neglected and Emerging Human Pathogens:Are we Waiting for the Sizzling Enterovirus Volcano to Erupt?

Rao¹

2015

Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy

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Molecular surveillance of non-polio enterovirus infections in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Western India: 2004-2009

2014

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Acute gastroenteritis is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rotavirus (RV) and Norovirus (NoV) are the leading cause of the disease. Despite the use of improved diagnostic methods a significant proportion of gastroenteritis cases remained undiagnosed. Though nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) have been reported frequently in children with acute gastroenteritis, their etiologic role has not been established. To investigate the epidemiology of NPEVs in gastroenteritis cases which remained negative for leading causative agents, 955 RV and NoV negative stool specimens from children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis were included in the study. A case control study was conducted which includes stool specimens from 450 children with gastroenteritis and 162 asymptomatic control subjects to determine the association of NPEVs with the disease. NPEV detection and typing was carried out by RT-PCR and sequencing. Presence of RV, NoV, Adenovirus, and Astrovirus was confirmed by ELISA or PCR/RT-PCR. Overall 14% NPEV prevalence was noted. The percentage of children with NPEV infection differed significantly between gastroenteritis and non-gastroenteritis patients (13.7% vs. 4.9%). NPEV was more prevalent among patients with gastroenteritis of undetectable etiology as compared to those detected positive for other viruses (17.9% vs. 7%) (P < 0.01). Genotyping of NPEV identified predominance of EV-B species (56.5%) followed by EV-C (16.7%), EV-A (13.8%) species and mixed NPEV infections (13%). These data support the association of NPEVs with acute gastroenteritis and highlights the clinical and epidemiological features of NPEV infections in patients with acute gastroenteritis from western India.

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Enterovirus detection and serotyping of fecal material collected from three children living on the outskirts of Belém city, Amazon region, Brazil, during the first 3 years of life (1983‐1986)

Coutinho

Siqueira

Machado

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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In the current investigation, fecal material was obtained during a community‐based longitudinal study conducted from 1983 to 1986. This study consisted of 71 children aged newborn to 3 years. A total of 216 samples from three of these children were screened by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) for the presence of enteroviruses, and positive samples were serotyped by VP1 and VP3 sequencing of the viral genome. Of these, 12 (5.6%) came from symptomatic cases, and the remaining asymptomatic cases were collected fortnightly during the 3 years of study. A positivity of 63.4% (137/216) was obtained by RT‐qPCR, with 58.3% (7/12) in relation to the symptomatic group and 63.7% (130/204) in relation to the asymptomatic group. The 137 positive samples were inoculated into the RD, HEp2C, and L20B cell lines, and the cytopathic effect was observed in 37.2% (51/137) samples. It was also possible to identify 40.9% (56/137), between isolated (n = 46) and nonisolated (n = 10). Enterovirus serotype diversity (n = 25) was identified in this study, with the predominant species being B (80.3%), followed by C (16.1%) and A (3.6%). Cases of reinfection by different serotypes were also observed in the three children studied. Analyses involving different age groups of these minors confirmed that the most affected age was between 12 to 24 months, with a prevalence of 77.6% (52/67). The enterovirus (EV) circulated in the 3 years of research, showed peaks in some months, without defined seasonality. This study demonstrated a high circulation and serotype diversity of EV in fecal samples, collected over 30 years ago. This endorsed the evaluation of important points of the epidemiology of these viruses, such as the presence of coinfection and reinfection of the same individual by different circulating serotypes. Understanding the frequency and duration of EV infections is important in determining their association with persistent diarrhea.

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Non-polio enteroviruses and their association with acute diarrhea in children in India

Cited by 57 publications

References 38 publications

Non-Polio Enteroviruses, the Neglected and Emerging Human Pathogens:Are we Waiting for the Sizzling Enterovirus Volcano to Erupt?

Non-Polio Enteroviruses, the Neglected and Emerging Human Pathogens:Are we Waiting for the Sizzling Enterovirus Volcano to Erupt?

Molecular surveillance of non-polio enterovirus infections in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Western India: 2004-2009

Enterovirus detection and serotyping of fecal material collected from three children living on the outskirts of Belém city, Amazon region, Brazil, during the first 3 years of life (1983‐1986)

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