Non-reciprocal interband Brillouin modulation

Kittlaus, Eric A.; Otterstrom, Nils T.; Kharel, Prashanta; Gertler, Shai; Rakich, Peter T.

doi:10.1038/s41566-018-0254-9

Cited by 202 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This nonlocal susceptibility is enabled by the long lifetime of the phonons, which allows them to propagate a large distance-spanning many optical wavelengths-to connect optically decoupled regions of the device. This phenomenon can be readily measured within integrated photonic devices, where the tight confinement of the optical and acoustic fields to micrometer-scale waveguides yields high Brillouin gain [17,18,21]. Multi-core optical fibers can also demonstrate nonlocal susceptibility between the separated cores, where the long interaction length and high-power handling can produce strong nonlinear effects [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Right: an illustration of a chip-scale device with two optical waveguides each supporting an optical mode (orange), and a single spatially-extended acoustic mode (green), discussed in [18,21]. (c) Energy level diagram illustrating two optical tones in each waveguide interacting with a spatially extended nonlocal acoustic mode.…”

Section: Theoretical Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, valid in many physical systems [17,18,21]. The equations describing the fields in waveguides A and B are now where we denote the relative phase between the two tones at the input to waveguide A as…”

Section: Theoretical Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can also be understood as the noise associated with the dissipation of the acoustic mode, through the fluctuation-dissipation theorem [33,34]. If we seek to utilize such nonlocal susceptibilities to transduce information, as the basis for new signal processing technologies [17][18][19]21], it is essential to understand how this noise is imparted from the elastic field onto the optical fields.…”

Section: Spontaneous Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By comparison, integrated photonic systems allow additional structural degrees of freedom which can be used to tailor both the optical and acoustic modes that participate in the nonlocal interaction [17,18]. These devices can be the basis for new signal processing schemes such as filters [18], transducers [17], oscillators [20], and modulators [21] for both optical and microwave applications. The description and analysis of the underlying processes will enable the design and optimization of future technologies based on these devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shaping nonlinear optical response using nonlocal forward Brillouin interactions

et al. 2020

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In most practical scenarios, optical susceptibilities can be treated as a local property of a medium. For example, in the context of nonlinear optics we can typically treat the Kerr and Raman response as local, such that optical fields at one location do not produce a nonlinear response at distinct locations in space. This is because the electronic and vibrational disturbances produced within the material are confined to a region that is smaller than an optical wavelength. By comparison, Brillouin interactions, mediated by traveling-wave acoustic phonons, can result in a highly nonlocal nonlinear response as the elastic waves generated in the process can occupy a region in space much larger than an optical wavelength. The unique properties of these interactions can be exploited to engineer new types of processes, where highly delocalized phonon modes serve as an engineerable channel that mediates scattering processes between light waves propagating in distinct optical waveguides. These types of nonlocal optomechanical responses have recently been demonstrated as the basis for information transduction, however the nontrivial dynamics of such systems has yet to be explored. In this work, we show that the third-order nonlinear process resulting from spatially extended Brillouin-active phonon modes involves mixing products from spatially separated, optically decoupled waveguides, yielding a nonlocal susceptibility. Building on these concepts, we illustrate how nontrivial multi-mode acoustic interference can produce a nonlocal susceptibility with a multi-pole frequency response, as the basis for new optical and microwave signal processing schemes within traveling wave systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spontaneous Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shaping nonlinear optical response using nonlocal forward Brillouin interactions

et al. 2020

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Acousto‐Optic Modulation in Silicon Waveguides Based on Piezoelectric Aluminum Scandium Nitride Film

Huang

Shi

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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In recent years, piezoelectric materials, such as AlN, lithium niobate (LN) and GaAs, are frequently applied to acoustooptic (AO) coupling interactions with great potentials. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] With a travelling SAW actuated by the interdigital transducer (IDT), the optical waves in waveguides are scattered by the travelling refractive index gratings and frequencyshifted through Doppler effect. [25] The AO coupling in piezoelectric materials offers a promising way to implement on-chip AO modulation, microwave photonic filtering, acousto-optic frequency shift, and nonreciprocal light propagation. [16,17,26,27] Different from the intrinsic optomechanical interactions in waveguides, [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] it is unnecessary to design suspended waveguides or optomechanical cavities for the AO interactions, which guarantees the stability and feasibility for on-chip applications. [16,35] Meanwhile, the electrically driven AO interactions exhibit higher AO scattering efficiency than the intrinsic optomechanical interactions, which can be adjusted in both optical domain and electrical domain. [36,37] Although LN (d 33 = 6 pC N -1 ) is a good candidate in AO interactions for its outstanding optical and piezoelectric properties, [38] it is not compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology to achieve large-scale fabrication. [20][21][22] As for AlN, it is generally deposited on silicon substrate through magnetic sputtering that is compatible with CMOS technology, but it poses a challenge to design waveguide structures in AlN layer because of the smaller refractive index than silicon substrate. [17,18] Therefore, suspended waveguide structures are indispensable for AlN on silicon substrate to carry out AO interactions. Surprisingly, a nonsuspended structure of AlN deposited on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform with a SiO 2 interlayer had realized AO modulation recently, where the optical wave is mostly confined in the nonpiezoelectric silicon layer instead of AlN layer. [39] In that structure, the SAW actuated by the IDT propagates from AlN layer across SiO 2 interlayer and finally modulates the optical waves in the silicon waveguides, where the SiO 2 interlayer greatly increases the SAW propagation loss and degrades the acoustic performances. [40] At last, with the same CMOS-compatible deposition as AlN and better piezoelectric properties than AlN, Aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN) has attracted extensive attention for its excellent piezoelectric properties in the micro-electromechanical system applications. In this work, AlScN is demonstrated to be a promising candidate for on-chip acousto-optic coupling interactions with outstanding piezoelectric properties as well. Based on piezoelectric Al 0.6 Sc 0.4 N film deposited on silicon-on-insulator platform, the proposed devices exhibit impressive acousto-optic coupling performances over a short interaction length of 210 µm with surface acoustic waves actuated by interdigital transducers. Meanwhile, the acousto-optic coupling...

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Reconstruction Compression Correlation Demodulation for Raman Optical Time Domain Reflection

Zhou

Yin

et al. 2021

Advanced Photonics Research

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A novel optical mechanism and scheme of Raman optical time domain reflection (ROTDR) for improving achievable spatial resolution is proposed. Herein, the Raman backscattering characteristic of the optical fiber based on the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) detection is first theoretically analyzed. Then, the propagation model of the ASE Raman anti-Stokes trace is established. Based on the propagation model, the time domain difference reconstruction is applied to the whole collected Raman anti-Stokes trace. The reconstructed Raman anti-Stokes signal and ASE signal, which are first proposed here, show a distinct correlation characteristic. For this characteristic, a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) demodulation scheme, named compression correlation demodulation, is used to detect the temperature change along the optical fiber. The positive correlation peak generated by the proposed mechanism produces a multiplied amplification effect through compressing the whole intensity points of Raman anti-Stokes in the fiber under test (FUT) region. Furthermore, the proposed scheme reduces the crosstalk of the non-FUT in the demodulation process. Benefiting from this new optical sensing mechanism and scheme, a simulation experiment with 7.5 mm spatial resolution and 0.1 C temperature sensitivity is demonstrated, and the spatial resolution is independent of sensing distance. These advances greatly facilitate the practicability of ROTDR.

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Non-reciprocal interband Brillouin modulation

Cited by 202 publications

References 36 publications

Shaping nonlinear optical response using nonlocal forward Brillouin interactions

Shaping nonlinear optical response using nonlocal forward Brillouin interactions

Acousto‐Optic Modulation in Silicon Waveguides Based on Piezoelectric Aluminum Scandium Nitride Film

Reconstruction Compression Correlation Demodulation for Raman Optical Time Domain Reflection

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