Non-spike and spike-specific memory T cell responses after the third dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine

Huang, Ruoqiong; Ying, Liyang; Wang, Jiangmei; Xia, Jie; Zhang, Yanjun; Mao, Haiyan; Zhang, Ruo-Yang; Zang, Ruoxi; Le, Zhenkai; Shu, Qiang; Xu, Jian

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139620

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…By triggering a strong cellular immune response, it synergizes with the B cell response, leading to the long-term success of the vaccine [ 24 ]. Furthermore, it has been reported that the frequencies of cytokine-secreting non-spike specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells correlate well with those of the spike-specific T cellsfrom WT, Delta, and Omicron strains [ 25 ]. Despite partial broad-spectrum protection observed in animal studies, there are currently no broad-spectrum vaccines available on the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quantification of Spike Proteins in the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines of the Prototype, Delta, and Omicron Variants by LC–MS

Sun

Wang

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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Developing variant vaccines or multivalent vaccines is a feasible way to address the epidemic as the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) posed an increased risk to global public health. The spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was usually used as the main antigen in many types of vaccines to produce neutralizing antibodies against the virus. However, the spike (S) proteins of different variants were only differentiated by a few amino acids, making it difficult to obtain specific antibodies that can distinguish different VOCs, thereby challenging the accurate distinction and quantification of the variants using immunological methods such as ELISA. Here, we established a method based on LC–MS to quantify the S proteins in inactivated monovalent vaccines or trivalent vaccines (prototype, Delta, and Omicron strains). By analyzing the S protein sequences of the prototype, Delta, and Omicron strains, we identified peptides that were different and specific among the three strains and synthesized them as references. The synthetic peptides were isotopically labeled as internal targets. Quantitative analysis was performed by calculating the ratio between the reference and internal target. The verification results have shown that the method we established had good specificity, accuracy, and precision. This method can not only accurately quantify the inactivated monovalent vaccine but also could be applied to each strain in inactivated trivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hence, the LC–MS method established in this study can be applied to the quality control of monovalent and multivalent SARS-CoV-2 variation vaccines. By enabling more accurate quantification, it will help to improve the protection of the vaccine to some extent.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quantification of Spike Proteins in the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines of the Prototype, Delta, and Omicron Variants by LC–MS

Sun

Wang

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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show abstract

“…As antigenic changes in these conserved internal structural proteins are seldom observed in VOCs, T-cell immunity against these proteins is unlikely to be impacted by antibody escape mutations in VOCs. Therefore, inactivated COVID-19 vaccines are likely to remain effective against existing and future variants of SARS-CoV-2 [ 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunogenicity of CpG, MF59-like, and Alum Adjuvant Delta Strain Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Mice

Xu,

Li,

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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The continuous evolution and mutation of SARS-CoV-2 have highlighted the need for more effective vaccines. In this study, CpG, MF59-like, and Alum adjuvant Delta strain inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were prepared, and the immunogenicity of these vaccines in mice was evaluated. The Delta + MF59-like vaccine group produced the highest levels of S- and RBD-binding antibodies and live Delta virus neutralization levels after one shot of immunization, while mice in the Delta + Alum vaccine group had the highest levels of these antibodies after two doses, and the Delta + MF59-like and Delta + Alum vaccine groups produced high levels of cross-neutralization antibodies against prototype, Beta, and Gamma strain SARS-CoV-2 viruses. There was no significant decrease in neutralizing antibody levels in any vaccine group during the observation period. CpG, MF59-like, and Alum adjuvant Delta strain inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines excited different antibody subtypes compared with unadjuvanted vaccines; the Delta + CpG vaccine group had a higher proportion of IgG2b antibodies, indicating bias towards Th1 immunity. The proportions of IgG1 and IgG2b in the Delta + MF59-like vaccine group were similar to those of the unadjuvanted vaccine. However, the Delta + Alum vaccine group had a higher proportion of IgG1 antibodies, indicating bias towards Th2 immunity. Antigen-specific cytokine secretion CD4/8+ T cells were analyzed. In conclusion, the results of this study show differences in the immune efficacy of CpG, MF59-like, and Alum adjuvant Delta strain inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in mice, which have significant implications for the selection strategy for vaccine adjuvants.

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“…to enhance the neutralizing antibody titers against various virus variants, such as Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron (Arashiro et al, 2023;Boaventura et al, 2023). Moreover, the T-cell response is also improved after a third dose (R. Huang et al, 2023). Taken together, the finding that booster vaccinations induce a higher titer of…”

Section: Vaccine Effectiveness Against Sars-cov-2 Variantsmentioning

confidence: 94%

What makes SARS‐CoV‐2 unique? Focusing on the spike protein

Qian,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Cell Biology International

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) seriously threatens public health and safety. Genetic variants determine the expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 structural proteins, which are associated with enhanced transmissibility, enhanced virulence, and immune escape. Vaccination is encouraged as a public health intervention, and different types of vaccines are used worldwide. However, new variants continue to emerge, especially the Omicron complex, and the neutralizing antibody responses are diminished significantly. In this review, we outlined the uniqueness of SARS‐CoV‐2 from three perspectives. First, we described the detailed structure of the spike (S) protein, which is highly susceptible to mutations and contributes to the distinct infection cycle of the virus. Second, we systematically summarized the immunoglobulin G epitopes of SARS‐CoV‐2 and highlighted the central role of the nonconserved regions of the S protein in adaptive immune escape. Third, we provided an overview of the vaccines targeting the S protein and discussed the impact of the nonconserved regions on vaccine effectiveness. The characterization and identification of the structure and genomic organization of SARS‐CoV‐2 will help elucidate its mechanisms of viral mutation and infection and provide a basis for the selection of optimal treatments. The leaps in advancements regarding improved diagnosis, targeted vaccines and therapeutic remedies provide sound evidence showing that scientific understanding, research, and technology evolved at the pace of the pandemic.

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Non-spike and spike-specific memory T cell responses after the third dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

The Quantification of Spike Proteins in the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines of the Prototype, Delta, and Omicron Variants by LC–MS

The Quantification of Spike Proteins in the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines of the Prototype, Delta, and Omicron Variants by LC–MS

The Immunogenicity of CpG, MF59-like, and Alum Adjuvant Delta Strain Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Mice

What makes SARS‐CoV‐2 unique? Focusing on the spike protein

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