2022
DOI: 10.3390/app12052583
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Non-Targeted NMR Method to Assess the Authenticity of Saffron and Trace the Agronomic Practices Applied for Its Production

Abstract: The development of analytical methods aimed at tracing agri-food products and assessing their authenticity is essential to protect food commercial value and human health. An NMR-based non-targeted method is applied here to establish the authenticity of saffron samples. Specifically, 40 authentic saffron samples were compared with 18 samples intentionally adulterated by using turmeric and safflower at three different concentration levels, i.e., 5, 10, and 20 wt%. Statistical processing of NMR data furnished use… Show more

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Cited by 10 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…Over the last decade, both established and newly developed chemometrics techniques have been applied in food applications to tackle various emerging problems ( Table 1 ). Moreover, chemometric approaches have been used for multi-analytical methods that are outside the field of non-destructive analysis, including untargeted HPLC [ 26 ], nuclear magnetic resonance [ 27 ], elemental metabolomics [ 28 ], mass spectrometry [ 29 ], and stable isotope analysis [ 30 ]. In this regard, there are specific chemometric techniques that have found wide applicability compared to others in the literature.…”
Section: Challenges and Sources Of Error In Current Research Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Over the last decade, both established and newly developed chemometrics techniques have been applied in food applications to tackle various emerging problems ( Table 1 ). Moreover, chemometric approaches have been used for multi-analytical methods that are outside the field of non-destructive analysis, including untargeted HPLC [ 26 ], nuclear magnetic resonance [ 27 ], elemental metabolomics [ 28 ], mass spectrometry [ 29 ], and stable isotope analysis [ 30 ]. In this regard, there are specific chemometric techniques that have found wide applicability compared to others in the literature.…”
Section: Challenges and Sources Of Error In Current Research Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…High-resolution 1 H NMR combined with chemometrics has shown to be very effective in tracing this kind of fraud by developing predictive models able to discriminate original saffron from adulterated samples with a minimum of 20% w/w bulking agents [47,48]. In a recent study, an improvement of this sensitivity has been obtained, detecting a 5% w/w saffron adulteration with safflower and turmeric [49]. In particular, the application of both unsupervised (PCA, HCD) and supervised (PLS-DA) chemometric models on 1 H NMR spectra of pure and adulterated saffron aqueous extracts allowed the detection of statistically significant variability, mainly due to sugars (positively related to adulterated samples), crocin, and formic acid (positively related to pure saffron).…”
Section: Saffronmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Specifically, it may be undeclared additions of colored stamens [ 4 , 7 10 ], styles [ 10 12 ], or petals [ 9 , 10 ] of the saffron itself. For this purpose, petals of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 8 , 10 23 ], petals of calendula ( Calendula officinalis L.) [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 10 13 , 15 , 17 , 20 ], rhizomes of turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 23 ], extracts of gardenia fruits ( Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 17 , 24 27 ], petals of mountain arnica ( Arnica montana L.) [ 1 , 2 , 15 , 17 ], dye from seeds of achiote ( Bixa orellana L.) [ 2 , 15 , 17 ], petals of chrysanthemum (C hrysanthemum morifolium L.) [ 6 , 16 , 17 ], petals of hemerocallis ( Hemerocallis sp.) [ 2 , 15 , 17 ], stigmas of crocus vernus ( Crocus vernus (L.) Hill) [ 2 , 15 ], dye from pomegranate fruits or petals ( Punica granatum L.) [ 10 , 17 ], dye from flowers of buddleia ( Buddleja officinalis ...…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition to spectrophotometry, methods based on the combination of liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) [ 5 , 9 , 13 , 16 , 24 ] optionally supplemented with a diode array detector (DAD) or photodiode array (PDA) [ 26 , 27 , 30 ]. Furthermore, proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) [ 3 , 8 , 14 , 18 ] or molecular genetic methods [ 2 , 4 , 6 , 15 , 19 ] and others are often used. An overview of the selected publications is in Table 1 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%